Ikkinchi fe’l qaysi shaklda kelishini birinchi fe’l hal qiladi. Enjoy, finish, avoid, mind dan keyin -ing (gerund) keladi: I enjoy cooking. Want, decide, hope, plan dan keyin to + fe’l (infinitive) keladi: I decided to cook. Predlogdan keyin esa har doim -ing: I’m interested in cooking.
Bir nechta fe’l ikkala shaklni oladi, lekin ma’no o‘zgaradi: She stopped smoking (chekishni tashladi) va She stopped to smoke (chekish uchun to‘xtadi) — butunlay boshqa gaplar. Quyida ro‘yxatlar, ma’no juftliklari va 14 ta mashq bor.
Uch savol bilan to‘g‘ri shaklni tanlash
Gap tuzayotganda shu tartibda o‘ylang:
- Oldinda predlog bormi? (in, at, of, about, for, without, before, after, instead of) Bo‘lsa — faqat -ing. Bu qoidada istisno yo‘q.
- Birinchi fe’l qaysi ro‘yxatda? Quyidagi ikki jadvalni yodlang; ular kundalik nutqning katta qismini qoplaydi.
- Fe’l ikkala ro‘yxatda ham bormi? Unda ma’noga qarang: stop, remember, forget, try, regret, go on bilan shakl ma’noni o‘zgartiradi.
O‘zbekchada bu farq yo‘q: o‘qishni yoqtiraman, o‘qishga qaror qildim — ikkalasida ham harakat nomi (-ish) turadi. Rus tilida esa deyarli hamma joyda infinitiv: люблю читать, решил читать. Shuning uchun rus tilida o‘qigan o‘quvchilar ko‘pincha I enjoy to read deydi. To‘g‘risi — I enjoy reading.
-ing oladigan fe’llar
Bu fe’llardan keyin to qo‘ysangiz, gap xato bo‘ladi.
| Fe’l | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| enjoy | yoqtirmoq, zavqlanmoq | I enjoy walking in Navoi Park. |
| finish | tugatmoq | Have you finished eating? |
| avoid | qochmoq, chetlab o‘tmoq | I avoid driving in rush hour. |
| mind | qarshi bo‘lmoq | Do you mind waiting a minute? |
| keep | davom ettirmoq, qayta-qayta qilmoq | He keeps calling me at night. |
| practise | mashq qilmoq | I practise speaking every evening. |
| suggest | taklif qilmoq | She suggested taking a taxi. |
| consider | o‘ylab ko‘rmoq | We’re considering moving to Samarkand. |
| miss | sog‘inmoq | I miss eating my mum’s somsa. |
| imagine | tasavvur qilmoq | Imagine living without the internet. |
| give up | tashlamoq, voz kechmoq | He gave up eating sugar. |
| can’t stand | toqat qilolmaslik | I can’t stand waiting in queues. |
| deny | inkor qilmoq | He denied taking the money. |
| spend (time) | vaqt sarflamoq | She spends hours scrolling. |
To + fe’l oladigan fe’llar
Bu guruhdagi fe’llar ko‘pincha kelajakka qaragan: niyat, reja, qaror, va’da.
| Fe’l | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| want | xohlamoq | I want to study in Korea. |
| would like | xohlardim (muloyim) | I’d like to book a table. |
| decide | qaror qilmoq | We decided to stay at home. |
| hope | umid qilmoq | I hope to get a grant. |
| plan | rejalashtirmoq | They plan to open a café. |
| agree | rozi bo‘lmoq | He agreed to help us. |
| refuse | rad etmoq | She refused to answer. |
| promise | va’da bermoq | I promise to call you. |
| learn | o‘rganmoq | My son is learning to swim. |
| manage | uddalamoq | I managed to find a seat. |
| afford | pul yetmoq | We can’t afford to buy a car. |
| offer | taklif qilmoq (o‘zini) | My neighbour offered to drive me. |
| need | kerak bo‘lmoq | You need to renew your passport. |
| seem | ko‘rinmoq | He seems to know everyone. |
Diqqat: suggest va offer o‘zbekchada ikkalasi ham “taklif qilmoq”, lekin suggest dan keyin -ing (She suggested going), offer dan keyin to (She offered to go) keladi.
Like, love, start: ikkala shakl, ma’no deyarli bir xil
Like, love, hate, prefer, start, begin, continue bilan ikkala shakl ham to‘g‘ri: I like swimming = I like to swim. Britaniya ingliz tilida like + -ing ko‘proq zavq haqida, like + to esa odat yoki foydali deb hisoblangan ish haqida: I like to check my emails before breakfast (bu yoqimli emas, lekin foydali).
Faqat bitta qoidani unutmang: would like, would love, would prefer dan keyin doim to: I’d love to come, I’d love coming emas.
Stop, remember, try: ma’noni o‘zgartiradigan juftliklar
Bu bo‘lim eng ko‘p ball yo‘qotiladigan joy. Umumiy qoida: -ing — oldin bo‘lgan yoki davom etayotgan ish; to — keyinroq bajariladigan maqsad yoki vazifa.
| Juftlik | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| He stopped smoking. | U chekishni tashladi (endi chekmaydi). |
| He stopped to smoke. | U chekish uchun to‘xtadi (yo‘lda, ishda). |
| I remember locking the door. | Eshikni qulflaganimni eslayman (bo‘lgan ish). |
| Remember to lock the door. | Eshikni qulflashni unutma (hali qilinadigan ish). |
| I’ll never forget meeting you. | Siz bilan tanishganimni hech unutmayman. |
| I forgot to buy bread. | Non olishni unutibman (olmadim). |
| Try adding more salt. | Tuzni ko‘paytirib ko‘r (tajriba, sinab ko‘rish). |
| I tried to open the window, but it was stuck. | Derazani ochishga urindim (qiyin bo‘ldi). |
| I regret telling him. | Unga aytganimga afsusdaman. |
| We regret to inform you… | Afsus bilan ma’lum qilamiz… (rasmiy xat). |
| She went on talking. | U gapirishda davom etdi (xuddi shu gapni). |
| She went on to talk about prices. | Keyin narxlar haqida gapirishga o‘tdi. |
Eslab qolish usuli: remember/forget + -ing — xotira orqaga qaraydi; remember/forget + to — ro‘yxatdagi vazifa oldinga qaraydi.
Predlogdan keyin faqat -ing
Predlogdan keyin fe’l kelsa, u otga aylanadi, ya’ni -ing oladi:
- I’m interested in learning Korean.
- She’s good at solving problems.
- Thank you for helping me.
- Wash your hands before eating.
- He left without saying goodbye.
- Let’s walk instead of taking the bus.
Eng ko‘p qoqiladigan joy — to predlog bo‘lganda. Look forward to, be used to, get used to, object to iboralarida to infinitiv belgisi emas, predlog. Shuning uchun:
- I look forward to hearing from you. (to hear emas)
- I’m used to getting up early. (Erta turishga o‘rganganman.)
Be used to va used to farqi used to, would va be used to sahifasida alohida tushuntirilgan. Sifat + predlog birikmalari (interested in, afraid of, good at) ro‘yxati esa sifat va predlog sahifasida.
Ega bo‘lgan -ing va maqsad bildiruvchi to
Gap boshida harakat nomi kerak bo‘lsa, -ing ishlating: Learning a language takes time. (Til o‘rganish vaqt oladi.) To learn a language takes time ham grammatik jihatdan to‘g‘ri, lekin kitobiy eshitiladi.
Maqsad (“... uchun”) esa to bilan beriladi: I went to Chorsu to buy spices. O‘zbekchadagi “uchun” so‘zini to‘g‘ridan to‘g‘ri tarjima qilib for buy yoki for to buy deyish — tipik xato.
Rus va o‘zbek tilidan o‘tadigan -ing/to xatolari
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Nima bo‘ldi |
|---|---|---|
| I enjoy to cook. | I enjoy cooking. | enjoy faqat -ing oladi |
| I want learning English. | I want to learn English. | want faqat to oladi |
| I went there for buy bread. | I went there to buy bread. | maqsad — to bilan |
| I look forward to see you. | I look forward to seeing you. | to bu yerda predlog |
| She suggested to go home. | She suggested going home. | suggest + -ing |
| He is good in to draw. | He is good at drawing. | predlog at + -ing |
| Don’t forget calling Mum! | Don’t forget to call Mum! | vazifa hali bajarilmagan |
| I would like going. | I would like to go. | would like + to |
Hafta oxirini rejalashtirish: qisqa dialog
Dilnoza: What do you feel like doing this weekend?
Sardor: I was thinking of going to Chimgan. I really miss being in the mountains.
Dilnoza: Good idea. But remember to check the weather first. Last time we had to stop driving halfway because of the snow.
Sardor: True. I’ve decided to leave early this time, around six.
Dilnoza: Six? I can’t stand getting up that early! Would you mind picking me up at seven?
Sardor: Fine. But promise to be ready. I don’t enjoy waiting in the car.
Dialogda to‘qqizta fe’l shakli bor. Feel like, thinking of, miss, stop, can’t stand, mind, enjoy dan keyin -ing kelgan. Remember, decided, promise dan keyin esa to ishlatilgan.
Mashq: 14 ta gap
A. Qavsdagi fe’lni -ing yoki to shaklida yozing.
- 1. I really enjoy ______ (cook) for my family.
- 2. We decided ______ (stay) at home because of the rain.
- 3. Would you mind ______ (close) the window?
- 4. She promised ______ (send) me the photos.
- 5. I’m tired of ______ (wait) for the bus.
- 6. They can’t afford ______ (buy) a new flat.
- 7. He suggested ______ (meet) at the metro station.
- 8. I look forward to ______ (see) you in Samarkand.
B. Ma’noga qarab tanlang.
- 9. On the way to Bukhara we stopped eating / to eat at a roadside café.
- 10. I remember visiting / to visit this museum as a child.
- 11. Please remember turning off / to turn off the gas.
- 12. The soup is bland. Try adding / to add some black pepper.
C. Xatoni toping va tuzating.
- 13. I went to the pharmacy for buy some medicine.
- 14. My brother gave up to play computer games.
Javoblar
- 1. cooking — enjoy dan keyin -ing.
- 2. to stay — qaror, decide + to.
- 3. closing — mind + -ing, muloyim iltimos.
- 4. to send — va’da, promise + to.
- 5. waiting — predlog of dan keyin -ing.
- 6. to buy — afford + to.
- 7. meeting — suggest + -ing.
- 8. seeing — look forward to da to predlog.
- 9. to eat — ovqatlanish uchun to‘xtashdi (maqsad).
- 10. visiting — o‘tmishdagi xotira.
- 11. to turn off — hali bajarilishi kerak bo‘lgan vazifa.
- 12. adding — sinab ko‘rish, tajriba.
- 13. I went to the pharmacy to buy some medicine. — maqsad to bilan.
- 14. My brother gave up playing computer games. — give up + -ing.
Yana 30 ta gap bilan mustahkamlash uchun gerund va infinitive mashqlari sahifasiga o‘ting. Fe’ldan keyin keladigan predloglar (depend on, apologise for) esa fe’l va predlog sahifasida.
-ing va to ni gapirganda avtomatlashtirish
Jadvalni yodlash bir narsa, gapirganda I enjoy to… dan qochish boshqa narsa. BandMate ilovasida Bandi siz bilan bo‘sh vaqt, rejalar va odatlar haqida suhbatlashadi: “What do you enjoy doing at the weekend?”, “What have you decided to do after school?” kabi savollarga ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz. Hoziroq sinab ko‘ring: o‘zingiz haqingizda uchta gap ayting — bittasi enjoy, bittasi decided va bittasi remember to bilan.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
