Koinot inglizcha space yoki the universe, sayyora — planet, Quyosh tizimi — the solar system. Quyoshdan boshlab sakkizta sayyora tartib bilan: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Pluton 2006-yildan beri to‘liq sayyora emas, a dwarf planet (mitti sayyora) deb hisoblanadi.
Tartibni eslab qolish uchun ingliz tilidagi maktablarda shunday gap yodlatiladi: My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming. Har so‘zning birinchi harfi bitta sayyoraning bosh harfi: M — Mercury, V — Venus va hokazo. Hozir sakkizta nomni ovoz chiqarib ayting.
Sakkiz sayyora: nom, talaffuz, fakt
| Inglizcha | Talaffuz | O‘zbekcha | Qisqa fakt inglizcha |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury | [MYOR-kyu-ri] | Merkuriy (Utorud) | It is the smallest planet and the closest to the Sun. |
| Venus | [VI-nes] | Venera (Zuhra, Cho‘lpon) | It is the hottest planet and very bright in the evening sky. |
| Earth | [yorθ] | Yer | It is the only planet where we know life exists. |
| Mars | [marz] | Mars (Mirrix) | It is called the Red Planet because of its red dust. |
| Jupiter | [JU-pi-ter] | Yupiter (Mushtariy) | It is the largest planet in the solar system. |
| Saturn | [SE-tern] | Saturn (Zuhal) | It is famous for its bright rings. |
| Uranus | [YUR-e-nes] | Uran | It spins on its side. |
| Neptune | [NEP-tyun] | Neptun | It is the farthest planet from the Sun. |
Qavs ichidagi nomlar — mumtoz she’riyatda uchraydigan eski nomlar, ular arab tilidan kirgan. Inglizcha nomlar esa Rim xudolari nomidan olingan.
Earth dagi th — tilni tishlar orasiga qo‘yib aytiladigan tovush (θ); [yors] yoki [yort] deyilsa, boshqa so‘zdek eshitiladi. Venus [VI-nes], “venera” emas. Uranus ning ikki talaffuzi bor: [YUR-e-nes] va [yu-REY-nes]; birinchisi xalqaro nutqda ko‘proq tanlanadi.
Quyosh, Oy va yulduzlar: the kerakmi?
Bu yerda o‘zbek o‘quvchisi ko‘p adashadi, chunki o‘zbek tilida artikl yo‘q.
| Qoida | Misol |
|---|---|
| Yagona narsa — the bilan | the Sun, the Moon, the sky, the universe, the solar system |
| Sayyora nomi — the siz | Mars is smaller than Earth. (the Mars emas) |
| Earth ikki xil | on Earth (sayyora nomi) yoki the Earth — ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri |
| Galaktika nomi — the bilan | the Milky Way (Somon yo‘li) |
| Boshqa sayyoraning yo‘ldoshi — a moon | Jupiter has many moons. |
The Sun va the Moon — bosh harf bilan ham, kichik harf bilan ham yoziladi; astronomik matnlarda odatda bosh harf. Sunny yoki moonlight kabi so‘zlarda esa doim kichik harf.
Koinot so‘zlari: 30 ta
| Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| space | koinot, fazo | Yuri Gagarin was the first person in space. |
| the universe | olam, koinot | The universe is still expanding. |
| galaxy | galaktika | Our galaxy is called the Milky Way. |
| star | yulduz | The Sun is a star, not a planet. |
| constellation | yulduz turkumi | Can you find the Great Bear constellation? |
| planet | sayyora | Earth is the third planet from the Sun. |
| dwarf planet | mitti sayyora | Pluto is a dwarf planet. |
| moon / satellite | oy / yo‘ldosh | The Moon is Earth’s natural satellite. |
| orbit | orbita; aylanmoq | The Earth orbits the Sun once a year. |
| comet | kometa | A comet has a long bright tail. |
| asteroid | asteroid | Most asteroids are between Mars and Jupiter. |
| meteor / shooting star | meteor, uchar yulduz | We saw a shooting star in the desert. |
| crater | krater | The Moon is covered with craters. |
| atmosphere | atmosfera | Mars has a very thin atmosphere. |
| gravity | tortishish kuchi | Gravity keeps the Moon in orbit. |
| full moon / new moon | to‘lin oy / yangi oy | Tonight there’s a full moon. |
| crescent | yarim oy (hilol) | A thin crescent appeared after sunset. |
| solar eclipse | Quyosh tutilishi | Never look at a solar eclipse without special glasses. |
| lunar eclipse | Oy tutilishi | A lunar eclipse turns the Moon reddish. |
| telescope | teleskop | You can see Saturn’s rings through a small telescope. |
| observatory | rasadxona | Samarkand has a famous old observatory. |
| astronomer | astronom, munajjim olim | Ulugh Beg was a ruler and an astronomer. |
| astronaut / cosmonaut | kosmonavt | “Cosmonaut” is used for Soviet and Russian space travellers. |
| rocket | raketa | The rocket was launched at dawn. |
| spacecraft / spaceship | kosmik kema | The spacecraft landed on Mars. |
| space station | kosmik stansiya | Astronauts live on the space station for months. |
| launch | uchirish; uchirmoq | The launch was delayed because of wind. |
| light year | yorug‘lik yili | A light year is a distance, not a time. |
| black hole | qora tuynuk | Nothing, not even light, escapes a black hole. |
| sunrise / sunset | quyosh chiqishi / botishi | Sunset in the desert is unforgettable. |
Light year haqida tuzoq bor: nomida “yil” bo‘lsa ham, u masofa o‘lchovi. It’s light years away esa kundalik nutqda “juda uzoq” degani.
Ulug‘bek rasadxonasi: qisqa matn
Samarqandga kelgan sayyohga yoki IELTS Speaking’da tarixiy joy haqida gapirganda ishlatishingiz mumkin bo‘lgan matn (sanalar tarixiy manbalarda biroz farq qiladi, shuning uchun “about” so‘zi ishlatilgan):
In the 1420s, Mirzo Ulugh Beg, the ruler of Samarkand and a grandson of Amir Temur, built an observatory on a hill outside the city. Its main instrument was a huge curved arc cut into the ground, which helped astronomers measure the positions of the Sun, the Moon and the planets very accurately. Ulugh Beg and his team made a star catalogue with about a thousand stars. After his death, the observatory was destroyed. In 1908, the archaeologist Vasily Vyatkin found the underground part of the arc, and today visitors can walk down and see it, and visit a small museum next to it.
Foydali so‘zlar: ruler — hukmdor, grandson — nevara, arc — yoy, measure — o‘lchamoq, accurately — aniq, destroyed — vayron qilindi, archaeologist [ar-ki-O-le-jist] — arxeolog.
Aniq raqamlar (yoy radiusi, katalogdagi yulduzlar soni) haqida so‘rashsa, muzey yoki rasmiy manbaga qarang: “about” deb aytish xato emas. Sayyohlarga Samarqand obidalarini tushuntirish bo‘yicha ko‘proq ibora gid uchun ingliz tili sahifasida.
Mashq: koinotni inglizcha ayting
A. Sayyorani toping.
- 1. The largest planet.
- 2. The Red Planet.
- 3. The planet closest to the Sun.
- 4. The planet famous for its rings.
- 5. The planet we live on.
B. the qo‘yish kerakmi? (— belgisi = kerak emas)
- 6. ___ Moon goes around ___ Earth.
- 7. ___ Mars is smaller than ___ Venus.
- 8. We live in ___ Milky Way.
C. Tarjima qiling.
- 9. Kecha to‘lin oy edi.
- 10. Quyosh — yulduz, sayyora emas.
Javoblar
1 — Jupiter; 2 — Mars; 3 — Mercury; 4 — Saturn; 5 — Earth; 6 — The Moon goes around the Earth. (yoki around Earth); 7 — — Mars is smaller than — Venus. (artikl yo‘q); 8 — the Milky Way; 9 — There was a full moon last night.; 10 — The Sun is a star, not a planet.
Kuzatganingizni Bandiga aytib bering
Kechqurun osmonga qarang va ko‘rganingizni inglizcha aytib bering. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan shunday suhbat qilish mumkin: Last night I saw a crescent moon and a very bright star. Bandi, was it Venus? Bandi savollar bilan suhbatni davom ettiradi, ilova esa Earth, Jupiter, Uranus talaffuzini tekshiradi. Tabiat so‘zlarini davom ettirish uchun tabiat so‘zlari inglizcha, osmon va havo haqida gapirish uchun ob-havo inglizcha sahifalarini oching. Maktabdagi fan nomlari, jumladan astronomy va physics, fanlar nomi inglizcha sahifasida.
Manbalar
- NASA Science: Planets
- IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes
- Astronomy.com: Ulugh Beg’s observatory
