Somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody va ularning “qarindoshlari” to‘rtta boshlanish va to‘rtta oxirdan yasaladi. Boshlanish ma’noni beradi: some- — “-dir” (kimdir), any- — so‘roq va inkorda “biror”, no- — “hech”, every- — “hamma, har”. Oxiri nimani bildirishini ko‘rsatadi: -body/-one — odam, -thing — narsa, -where — joy.
Ikki qoidani darhol eslab qoling. Birinchisi: bu so‘zlardan keyin fe’l birlikda keladi — Everybody is here, Nobody knows. Ikkinchisi: ingliz gapida faqat bitta inkor bo‘ladi. O‘zbekcha “Hech kim kelmadi” da ikki inkor bor (hech + -ma-), inglizchada bittasi: Nobody came.
Hozir bitta gap ayting: Somebody is at the door. yoki Nobody called me today.
16 so‘z bitta jadvalda
| odam (-body / -one) | narsa (-thing) | joy (-where) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| some- | somebody / someone — kimdir | something — nimadir | somewhere — qayerdadir |
| any- | anybody / anyone — biror kishi, har kim | anything — biror narsa, har narsa | anywhere — biror joy, har qayer |
| no- | nobody / no one — hech kim | nothing — hech narsa | nowhere — hech qayer |
| every- | everybody / everyone — hamma | everything — hamma narsa | everywhere — hamma joyda |
-body va -one ma’nosi bir xil: somebody = someone. -one shakli yozuvda biroz ko‘proq, -body og‘zaki nutqda ko‘proq uchraydi. No one ikki so‘z bilan yoziladi (Britaniyada no-one ham uchraydi), qolganlari bitta so‘z.
O‘zbek grammatikasidagi nomlar bilan solishtirsangiz: kimdir, nimadir — gumon olmoshlari (some-), hech kim, hech narsa — bo‘lishsizlik olmoshlari (no-), hamma, har kim — belgilash olmoshlari (every-). Any- ning esa o‘zbekchada bitta aniq mosi yo‘q, shuning uchun u eng qiyini.
Some- yoki any-: darak, so‘roq, inkor
Asosiy tamoyil some va any bilan bir xil: darak gapda some-, so‘roq va inkor gapda any-. Bu qoidaning o‘zi some, any, no qoidasi sahifasida batafsil; bu yerda biz uning -body, -thing, -where bilan qo‘shilgan shakllarini ko‘ramiz.
- I heard something. — Nimadir eshitdim.
- Did you hear anything? — Biror narsa eshitdingizmi?
- I didn’t hear anything. — Hech narsa eshitmadim.
Istisnolar tushunishga yordam beradi:
Taklif va iltimosda some-, chunki “ha” javobini kutasiz: Would you like something to drink? Can somebody help me with this box?
Darak gapda any- “har qanday” ma’nosida: Anybody can learn English — you just need time. — Istalgan odam ingliz tilini o‘rgana oladi. Sit anywhere you like. — Xohlagan joyingizga o‘tiring.
Bu farq ma’noni o‘zgartiradi:
| Gap | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|
| Did somebody call? | Kimdir qo‘ng‘iroq qildi shekilli, to‘g‘rimi? |
| Did anybody call? | Umuman biror kishi qo‘ng‘iroq qildimi? |
| You can ask somebody. | Birortasidan so‘rang (kimligi aniq emas). |
| You can ask anybody. | Xohlagan odamdan so‘rang, hamma biladi. |
| Nobody came. | Hech kim kelmadi. |
| Not everybody came. | Hamma ham kelmadi (ba’zilar keldi). |
“Hech kim kelmadi”: ingliz gapida bitta inkor
O‘zbek va rus tillarida “hech” so‘zi inkor fe’l bilan keladi: Hech kim kelmadi. Никто не пришёл. Ingliz tilida inkorni bir joyda ifodalaysiz: yo olmoshda (nobody, nothing, nowhere), yo fe’lda (didn’t + anybody, anything, anywhere).
| O‘zbekcha | Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri |
|---|---|---|
| Hech kim kelmadi. | Nobody didn’t come. | Nobody came. |
| Hech narsa ko‘rmadim. | I didn’t see nothing. | I didn’t see anything. / I saw nothing. |
| Hech qayerga bormaymiz. | We don’t go nowhere. | We aren’t going anywhere. |
| Hech kim bilmaydi. | Anybody doesn’t know. | Nobody knows. |
Oxirgi qatorga e’tibor bering: gap boshida, ega o‘rnida anybody + not ishlatilmaydi. Ega inkor bo‘lsa, faqat nobody / nothing.
I didn’t see anything va I saw nothing ikkalasi to‘g‘ri. Og‘zaki nutqda birinchisi ko‘proq; ikkinchisi qat’iyroq va rasmiyroq eshitiladi. Qo‘shiq va filmlarda I didn’t do nothing kabi gaplarni eshitasiz — bu ba’zi shevalarga xos, imtihon va ish yozishmasida xato hisoblanadi.
Fe’l birlikda, lekin keyin they
Everybody ma’nosi “hamma odamlar” bo‘lsa ham, grammatik jihatdan u birlik: Everybody is ready. Everyone likes plov. Nothing was wrong. Hozirgi oddiy zamonda fe’lga -s qo‘shiladi: Somebody wants to see you. Bu qo‘shimcha qoidasi Present Simple qoidasi sahifasida.
- Noto‘g‘ri: Everybody are happy. To‘g‘ri: Everybody is happy.
- Noto‘g‘ri: Nobody know the answer. To‘g‘ri: Nobody knows the answer.
Qiziq tomoni: keyingi olmosh ko‘pincha they / their bo‘ladi: Everybody brought their passport. Somebody left their umbrella — can you give it to them tomorrow? Bu grammatik xato emas, zamonaviy ingliz tilining odatiy shakli. They ning bitta odam uchun ishlatilishi kishilik olmoshlari sahifasida tushuntirilgan.
Something else, nothing special: so‘z tartibi
Sifat va else bu so‘zlardan keyin keladi. O‘zbekcha tartibda (“qiziq narsa”) aytib interesting something deb yubormang:
- something interesting — qiziq bir narsa
- nothing special — hech qanday alohida narsa yo‘q
- somewhere quiet — tinchroq bir joy
- somebody else — boshqa birov
- anything else? — yana biror narsa? (do‘konda, kafeda doim eshitiladi)
- everything else — qolgan hamma narsa
Infinitiv ham keyin qo‘shiladi: something to eat — yeydigan biror narsa, nowhere to sit — o‘tirishga joy yo‘q, nothing to do — qiladigan ish yo‘q.
Dialog: ofisda yo‘qolgan telefon
Sevara: Has anybody seen my phone? I can’t find it anywhere.
Timur: No, I haven’t seen anything. Did you leave it somewhere in the kitchen?
Sevara: I looked everywhere. Nothing. Somebody took it by mistake, maybe.
Timur: Nobody here would take it. Wait — I’ll call you. Listen!
Sevara: I can’t hear anything… Oh! It’s ringing in my bag. Everything is fine!
Timur: Next time check your bag before you ask everyone.
Dialogda so‘roq gapda anybody, anything, inkorda haven’t seen anything, egada inkor bo‘lganda Nobody would take it ishlatilganini ko‘ring. Everything is fine — birlik fe’l.
Mashq: 14 ta gap
A. Somebody/something/somewhere yoki anybody/anything/anywhere?
- 1. There’s ______ at the door. Can you open it?
- 2. I’m hungry. Is there ______ in the fridge?
- 3. We didn’t go ______ last weekend. We stayed at home.
- 4. Would you like ______ to drink?
- 5. This bus goes to Chilanzar. You can get off ______ you like.
B. Nobody/nothing/nowhere yoki everybody/everything/everywhere?
- 6. ______ came to the meeting, so the manager cancelled it.
- 7. I’ve looked ______ for my keys: in the car, in my bag, in the kitchen.
- 8. The shop was empty. There was ______ to buy.
- 9. ______ in our mahalla knows my grandfather.
C. Fe’lning to‘g‘ri shaklini tanlang.
- 10. Everybody (is / are) waiting for you.
- 11. Nobody (like / likes) waiting in the rain.
D. Xatoni tuzating.
- 12. I didn’t say nothing to her.
- 13. Anybody didn’t answer the phone.
- 14. Let’s go to quiet somewhere.
Javoblar
1 — somebody; 2 — anything; 3 — anywhere; 4 — something; 5 — anywhere; 6 — Nobody; 7 — everywhere; 8 — nothing; 9 — Everybody; 10 — is; 11 — likes.
12 — I didn’t say anything to her. (yoki: I said nothing to her.) 13 — Nobody answered the phone. 14 — Let’s go somewhere quiet.
Izohlar:
- 1-gap: darak gap, aniq emas kim — somebody.
- 2-gap: so‘roq gap — anything.
- 4-gap: taklif, “ha” javobini kutyapsiz — something.
- 5-gap: darak gapda “xohlagan joyda” — anywhere.
- 6-gap: inkor ma’no fe’lda emas, egada: Nobody came, came esa inkorsiz.
- 9-gap: everybody bilan knows — birlik.
- 12-gap: ikkita inkor bo‘lmaydi: didn’t + anything yoki said + nothing.
- 13-gap: ega inkor bo‘lsa, gap Nobody bilan boshlanadi.
- 14-gap: sifat bu so‘zlardan keyin keladi.
Noaniq olmoshlarni boshqa olmoshlar bilan birga takrorlash uchun olmoshlar mashqlari sahifasida 30 ta topshiriq bor.
“Hech kim” gapini tez aytishni mashq qiling
Qog‘ozda nobody came ni yozish oson, suhbatda esa o‘zbekcha qolip ishlab ketadi va nobody didn’t chiqib qoladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan kundalik voqealar haqida gaplashing: “Kecha kim keldi?”, “Dam olish kuni qayerga bordingiz?” kabi savollarga javob berganingizda ilova ikki inkor va everybody are kabi xatolarni belgilab, to‘g‘ri gapni ko‘rsatadi. Bugun uchta gap tuzing: biri nobody, biri anything, biri everybody bilan.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
