By va until farqi: muddat yoki davom, during, for va while

By — oxirgi muddat: ish shu vaqtdan kechikmay bajariladi, ertaroq bo‘lsa ham mayli. Send the report by Friday — hisobotni juma kunigacha yuboring (dushanbada yuborsangiz ham bo‘ladi). Until (so‘zlashuvda till) — harakat shu vaqtgacha davom etadi, keyin to‘xtaydi. I’ll work until Friday — jumagacha ishlayman, keyin ta’til.

O‘zbekchada ikkalasi ham bitta qo‘shimcha: -gacha. Shuning uchun tanlashdan oldin o‘zingizga bitta savol bering: “Bu ish bir marta bajarilib qo‘yiladimi yoki shu vaqtgacha to‘xtovsiz davom etadimi?”

Bitta qo‘shimcha, ikki xil ma’no: -gacha testi

O‘zbekcha	Savol	Inglizcha
Soat oltigacha uyda bo‘laman.	Uyda turish davom etadimi? Ha.	I’ll be at home until six.
Soat oltigacha uyga kelaman.	Kelish bir lahzami? Ha, muddat.	I’ll be home by six.
Ertagacha kuting.	Kutish davom etadi.	Wait until tomorrow.
Ertagacha javob bering.	Javob bir marta beriladi.	Answer by tomorrow.
Do‘kon 22:00 gacha ochiq.	Ochiq turish davom etadi.	The shop is open until 10 p.m.
Arizani 15-oktabrgacha topshiring.	Topshirish — bitta harakat.	Submit the application by 15 October.

Oddiy belgi: until dan oldin ko‘pincha davomli fe’llar keladi (stay, wait, work, sleep, live, be open, keep). By dan oldin esa natija beradigan fe’llar (finish, send, arrive, pay, submit, be ready, decide).

a date circled on a calendar — kalendarda aylantirilgan sana — muddat — **a date circled on a calendar**kalendarda aylantirilgan sana — muddat

checking the time at a laptop — noutbuk oldida soatga qarayapti — **checking the time at a laptop**noutbuk oldida soatga qarayapti

worried about Friday on the calendar — kalendardagi jumadan xavotirda — **worried about Friday on the calendar**kalendardagi jumadan xavotirda

an hourglass on a pile of papers — qog‘ozlar ustida qum soat — **an hourglass on a pile of papers**qog‘ozlar ustida qum soat

working late at a desk — stol oldida kechgacha ishlayapti — **working late at a desk**stol oldida kechgacha ishlayapti

waiting at a bus stop — bekatda kutib turibdi — **waiting at a bus stop**bekatda kutib turibdi

Rasmlarni ikki guruhga ajrating. Kalendardagi belgi, qum soat va soatga qarash — by (muddatga ulgurish). Kechgacha ishlash va bekatda kutish — until (He worked until midnight, She waited until the bus came).

Juftliklar: bir predlog ma’noni o‘zgartiradi

Gap	Ma’nosi
I’ll stay in Samarkand until* Sunday.*	Yakshanbagacha Samarqandda bo‘laman, keyin ketaman.
I’ll be back from Samarkand by Sunday.	Eng kechi yakshanbaga qaytaman (shanbada ham qaytishim mumkin).
Can you keep the book until* Monday?*	Kitobni dushanbagacha o‘zingizda saqlay olasizmi?
Can you return the book by Monday?	Kitobni dushanbagacha qaytara olasizmi?
I’ll wait until* 5.*	Beshgacha kutaman (keyin ketaman).
I’ll be ready by 5.	Beshda (yoki undan oldin) tayyor bo‘laman.

Not until: “shu vaqtdan oldin emas”

Until inkor gapda kelsa, ma’no “faqat shu vaqtda boshlanadi” bo‘ladi. O‘zbekchaga ko‘pincha “…dan keyingina” yoki “…gacha … emas” deb o‘giriladi.

The bank doesn’t open until 9. — Bank to‘qqizdan oldin ochilmaydi (to‘qqizda ochiladi).
I didn’t start learning English until I was 20. — Ingliz tilini faqat 20 yoshimda boshladim.
We won’t know the results until next week. — Natijalarni kelasi haftagina bilamiz.

Solishtiring: I won’t be home until 8 — sakkizdan oldin kelmayman; I’ll be home by 8 — sakkizgacha kelaman. Birinchisi uzr, ikkinchisi va’da.

Until + gap, by the time + gap

Until dan keyin to‘liq gap ham kelishi mumkin. Kelajak haqida gapirilsa ham, bu gapda will ishlatilmaydi, present simple keladi:

Noto‘g‘ri: Wait here until I will come back.
To‘g‘ri: Wait here until I come back.

By esa gap bilan birga kelganda by the time shaklini oladi:

By the time we got to the station, the train had left. — Biz vokzalga yetib borganimizda poyezd ketib bo‘lgan edi.
By the time you read this, I’ll have finished the project. — Siz buni o‘qiyotganingizda men loyihani tugatib bo‘lgan bo‘laman.

Bu gaplarda past perfect va future perfect keladi. Ular haqida future perfect qoidasi sahifasida o‘qing. By then (o‘sha vaqtga kelib) va by now (hozirga kelib) ham shu mantiq bilan ishlaydi: He should be in Tashkent by now.

Till, up to, from … until

till — until ning so‘zlashuvdagi qisqa shakli, ma’nosi bir xil: I’m here till Monday. Rasmiy xat va inshoda until yozing; ’til shakli esa faqat norasmiy xabarlarda uchraydi.
up to / up until — “shu vaqtgacha” (hisob-kitob, tarixiy davr): Up until 2020 he lived in Fergana.
from … until / from … to — oraliq: The office is open from 9 until 6. Amerikada from 9 to 6 yoki 9 through 6 ham eshitiladi.

By ning boshqa ma’nolarini aralashtirmang: by bus (avtobusda), a book by Navoi (Navoiy asari), by the window (deraza yonida). Bu sahifadagi by faqat vaqt uchun.

During, for va while: “davomida” ning uch tarjimasi

O‘zbekcha “davomida” ham, ruscha “в течение” ham inglizchada uch xil bo‘ladi.

So‘z	Nimadan oldin keladi	Savol	Misol
during	ot (voqea, davr)	qachon?	I fell asleep during the film.
for	vaqt miqdori	qancha vaqt?	I slept for two hours.
while	gap (ega + fe’l)	qaysi jarayon paytida?	I fell asleep while I was watching the film.

Tipik xatolar:

during two hours ✗ → for two hours ✓ (miqdor — for).
during I was cooking ✗ → while I was cooking ✓ (gap — while).
while the lesson ✗ → during the lesson ✓ (ot — during).

Nozik farq: We went to the village for the summer — butun yozni qishloqda o‘tkazish uchun bordik; We went to the village during the summer — yozning qaysidir paytida bordik. For va since farqi alohida mavzu: since va for farqi. When va while haqida esa when va while sahifasida.

Dialog: kursdagi topshiriq muddati

Teacher: Remember, the essay must be on my desk by Thursday.

Timur: Can I send it by email? I’ll be at my cousin’s wedding in Namangan until Wednesday evening.

Teacher: Yes, but I need it by 9 a.m. on Thursday. I won’t check emails until then.

Timur: No problem. I’ll write it during the weekend and check it while I’m on the train.

Teacher: Good plan. And don’t leave it till the last minute!

Dialogda by ikki marta muddat uchun keladi (by Thursday, by 9 a.m.), by email esa vaqt emas, usul. Until ikki marta davom uchun: until Wednesday evening, until then. Till the last minute — so‘zlashuvdagi until. During the weekend va while I’m on the train — ot va gap farqi.

Mashq: 15 ta gap

A. By yoki until?

1. Please pay the bill ______ the end of the month.
2. The museum is open ______ 6 p.m.
3. I’ll wait for you ______ 7. After that, I’m leaving.
4. The results will be ready ______ Monday.
5. We didn’t leave the party ______ midnight.
6. ______ the time the guests arrived, the plov was ready.
7. Let’s stay at the dacha ______ Sunday.
8. You must finish the course ______ June to get the certificate.

B. During, for yoki while?

9. My phone rang ______ the exam.
10. I lived in Bukhara ______ three years.
11. Someone called ______ you were out.
12. Don’t use your phone ______ the lesson.

C. Xatoni tuzating.

13. I studied English during five years.
14. Stay here until I will call you.
15. I need the documents until Friday.

Javoblar

1 — by; 2 — until; 3 — until; 4 — by; 5 — until; 6 — By; 7 — until; 8 — by; 9 — during; 10 — for; 11 — while; 12 — during.

13 — I studied English for five years. 14 — Stay here until I call you. 15 — I need the documents by Friday.

Izohlar:

1-gap: to‘lov — bitta harakat, muddat: by.
3-gap: kutish davom etadi, 7 da to‘xtaydi: until.
5-gap: not … until — yarim tungacha ketmadik, yarim tunda ketdik.
6-gap: gap bilan muddat — by the time.
8-gap: kursni tugatish — natija, muddat: by.
10 va 13-gaplar: vaqt miqdori (uch yil, besh yil) — for.
11-gap: ortidan gap keladi (you were out) — while.
14-gap: until dan keyingi gapda will yo‘q.
15-gap: hujjat juma kunigacha qo‘lda bo‘lishi kerak — muddat: by. Until Friday bo‘lsa, “jumagacha kerak, keyin kerak emas” ma’nosi chiqadi.

Vaqt bilan bog‘liq boshqa iboralar (ago, in a week, the day after tomorrow) vaqt iboralari inglizcha sahifasida. Barcha predloglarni aralash tekshirish uchun predloglar mashqlari sahifasiga o‘ting.

Muddat va rejalaringizni inglizcha ayting

By va until ish, o‘qish va uchrashuvlar haqida gapirganda har kuni kerak bo‘ladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan haftalik rejangizni muhokama qiling: nimani qachongacha tugatishingiz kerak, qayerda qachongacha bo‘lasiz. Ilova by o‘rniga until ishlatsangiz, farqni ko‘rsatadi. Bugun uch gap tuzing: bitta by, bitta until, bitta not … until.

BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling