Eng ko‘p uchraydigan inglizcha qisqartmalar: ASAP — as soon as possible (imkon qadar tez), e.g. — for example (masalan), i.e. — that is (ya’ni), etc. — and so on (va hokazo), a.m. — tushgacha, p.m. — tushdan keyin. Ular uch turga bo‘linadi: harflab o‘qiladiganlar (BBC — “bi-bi-si”), so‘z kabi o‘qiladiganlar (NASA, IELTS — “ay-elts”) va qisqartirilgan so‘zlar (Mr, Dr, info).
I’m, don’t kabi apostrofli shakllar boshqa mavzu — ular qisqartmalar talaffuzi sahifasida. Bu sahifada harfli qisqartmalar: rasmiy, kundalik va chat uchun, har biri qachon joiz va qachon yo‘q.
Lotin tilidan kelgan qisqartmalar
Bu qisqartmalar rasmiy matnda ham uchraydi, lekin ularni to‘g‘ri ishlatish kerak.
| Qisqartma | To‘liq shakli | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| e.g. | exempli gratia | masalan | Bring documents, e.g. your passport. |
| i.e. | id est | ya’ni, boshqacha aytganda | Come early, i.e. before 8. |
| etc. | et cetera | va hokazo | pens, notebooks, rulers, etc. |
| a.m. | ante meridiem | tushgacha (00:00–11:59) | The shop opens at 9 a.m. |
| p.m. | post meridiem | tushdan keyin (12:00–23:59) | The lesson ends at 5 p.m. |
| P.S. | post scriptum | xat oxiridagi qo‘shimcha | P.S. Say hi to your mum. |
| N.B. | nota bene | diqqat qiling | N.B. The exam starts at 10. |
| vs. | versus | qarshi | Uzbekistan vs. Iran |
| et al. | et alii | va boshqalar (mualliflar) | Smith et al. (2020) |
| No. | numero | raqam | Room No. 5 |
e.g. va i.e. farqi — eng ko‘p adashtiriladigan juftlik. e.g. dan keyin bir nechta misoldan ba’zilari keladi; i.e. dan keyin aynan o‘sha narsa aniqlashtiriladi. I like citrus fruits, e.g. lemons and oranges (bular ulardan ba’zilari). The shop is closed on the first day of the week, i.e. Monday (haftaning birinchi kuni — bitta, u dushanba).
etc. qoidalari: oldidan and qo‘yilmaydi (and etc. — xato); e.g. bilan boshlangan ro‘yxat oxiriga ham qo‘yilmaydi, chunki e.g. o‘zi “ro‘yxat to‘liq emas” degan ma’noni beradi.
a.m./p.m. tuzog‘i: tushki 12 va yarim tun uchun 12 p.m. va 12 a.m. chalkashlik tug‘diradi. Aniqroq yozing: 12 noon yoki midnight. Vaqtni so‘rash va aytish iboralari soat necha inglizcha sahifasida.
Manzil, sana va o‘lchov qisqartmalari
| Qisqartma | To‘liq shakli | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|---|
| Mr / Mrs / Ms | Mister / Missis / — | janob / xonim (turmushga chiqqan) / xonim (betaraf) |
| Dr | Doctor | doktor (shifokor yoki fan doktori) |
| St | Street; Saint | ko‘cha; avliyo (St Petersburg) |
| Rd / Ave | Road / Avenue | yo‘l / shoh ko‘cha |
| Apt | apartment | kvartira (Apt 12) |
| Mon, Tue, Wed… | Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday… | hafta kunlari |
| Jan, Feb, Mar… | January, February, March… | oylar (May qisqartirilmaydi) |
| min / max | minimum / maximum | eng kam / eng ko‘p |
| approx. | approximately | taxminan |
| km, kg, hr/hrs | kilometre, kilogram, hour(s) | o‘lchovlar |
| ext. | extension | ichki telefon raqami (ext. 204) |
Britaniyada Mr, Mrs, Dr odatda nuqtasiz, Amerikada nuqta bilan yoziladi: Mr Smith (UK), Mr. Smith (US). Ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri — bitta matnda bir xil uslubda qoling.
Ish va o‘qish qisqartmalari
| Qisqartma | To‘liq shakli | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| ASAP | as soon as possible | imkon qadar tez | Please reply ASAP. |
| FYI | for your information | ma’lumot uchun | FYI, the meeting moved to 3 p.m. |
| CEO | chief executive officer | bosh ijrochi direktor | She became CEO in 2024. |
| HR | human resources | kadrlar bo‘limi | Send your CV to HR. |
| IT | information technology | axborot texnologiyalari | He works in IT. |
| PR | public relations | jamoatchilik bilan aloqa | a PR manager |
| CV | curriculum vitae | rezyume | Attach your CV. |
| FAQ | frequently asked questions | ko‘p beriladigan savollar | Check the FAQ page first. |
| Q&A | questions and answers | savol-javob | a Q&A session after the talk |
| ETA | estimated time of arrival | taxminiy yetib kelish vaqti | What’s your ETA? |
| TBA / TBC | to be announced / confirmed | keyin e’lon qilinadi / tasdiqlanadi | Venue: TBC |
| RSVP | répondez s’il vous plaît (fransuzcha) | javob berishingizni so‘raymiz | RSVP by 10 May. |
| N/A | not applicable / not available | tegishli emas / mavjud emas | anketada: Middle name: N/A |
| cc | carbon copy | nusxa (emailda) | I’ll cc my manager. |
| BA / MA / PhD | Bachelor / Master of Arts; Doctor of Philosophy | bakalavr / magistr / falsafa doktori | She has an MA in linguistics. |
IELTS — International English Language Testing System, CEFR — Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Ish xatlarida bu qisqartmalar qanday ishlashini ish xati namunalari sahifasida ko‘ring.
Kundalik hayotdagi qisqartmalar
| Qisqartma | To‘liq shakli | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|---|
| ATM | automated teller machine | bankomat |
| PIN | personal identification number | karta kodi |
| SIM | subscriber identity module | SIM-karta |
| GPS | Global Positioning System | sun’iy yo‘ldosh navigatsiyasi |
| USB | Universal Serial Bus | USB ulagich |
| ID | identification | shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjat |
| GP | general practitioner | oilaviy shifokor (Britaniyada) |
| DIY | do it yourself | o‘z qo‘li bilan yasash, ta’mirlash |
| UK / USA / UN / EU | United Kingdom / United States of America / United Nations / European Union | davlat va tashkilotlar |
Wi-Fi ko‘pincha “wireless fidelity” deb ochiladi, lekin u aslida savdo nomi sifatida tanlangan va rasmiy to‘liq shakli yo‘q. PIN number deyish mantiqan takror (number ikki marta), lekin kundalik nutqda keng tarqalgan.
Chat qisqartmalari
Bular do‘stga yozilgan xabar uchun. DM, TBH, IMO, BTW, LOL kabi ijtimoiy tarmoq qisqartmalari ijtimoiy tarmoq so‘zlari sahifasida, bu yerda esa xabar almashishda ko‘p uchraydiganlari:
| Chatda | Ma’nosi | Chatda | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|---|---|
| brb | be right back — hozir qaytaman | np | no problem — arzimaydi |
| omw | on my way — yo‘ldaman | ty / thx | thank you / thanks — rahmat |
| gtg | got to go — ketishim kerak | pls / plz | please — iltimos |
| ttyl | talk to you later — keyin gaplashamiz | jk | just kidding — hazillashdim |
| u / ur / r | you / your, you’re / are | idk | I don’t know — bilmayman |
Misol: omw, eta 10 min — “yo‘ldaman, taxminan 10 daqiqada yetaman”.
Qachon qisqartma ishlatmaslik kerak
- IELTS va Multilevel inshosida chat qisqartmalari mutlaqo yaroqsiz. e.g. va etc. o‘rniga ham for example, such as, and so on yozish xavfsizroq.
- Rasmiy xatda ASAP buyruqdek eshitilishi mumkin. Yumshoqroq: at your earliest convenience yoki aniq muddat: by Friday, if possible.
- Notanish qisqartma — ayniqsa o‘zbekcha (OTM, DTM, IIV) — inglizcha matnda to‘liq tushuntiriladi: I entered university (OTM) emas, I entered a state university.
- Birinchi marta ishlatganda to‘liq shaklni yozing, keyin qisqartmani: the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)… CEFR levels…
Artikl tuzog‘i: a yoki an qisqartmaning yozuviga emas, birinchi tovushiga qarab tanlanadi. an MBA (“em-bi-ey” — unli tovush), an SMS (“es”), an FAQ (“ef”), lekin a UN report (“yu” — undosh tovush), a USB cable. Qoida a va an farqi sahifasida.
Mashq
A. To‘liq shaklini yozing: 1) ASAP 2) e.g. 3) i.e. 4) ETA 5) RSVP 6) FAQ
B. To‘g‘risini tanlang:
- 7. We sell fruit, (e.g. / i.e.) apples, pears and grapes.
- 8. The meeting is at 3 (a.m. / p.m.) — right after lunch.
- 9. I’ve got (a / an) MBA from a university in Tashkent.
- 10. You can bring pens, pencils, erasers (etc. / and etc.).
- 11. Rasmiy xat: Please send the documents (ASAP / by Monday, if possible).
- 12. Our CEO — bu kim? (bosh direktor / kadrlar bo‘limi)
Javoblar
1 — as soon as possible; 2 — for example (exempli gratia); 3 — that is (id est); 4 — estimated time of arrival; 5 — répondez s’il vous plaît, “javob bering”; 6 — frequently asked questions; 7 — e.g. (bir nechta misol); 8 — p.m.; 9 — an (“em” unli tovush bilan boshlanadi); 10 — etc.; 11 — by Monday, if possible; 12 — bosh direktor (chief executive officer).
Qisqartmalarni jonli nutqda sinab ko‘ring
Qisqartmani bilish bir narsa, uni ovoz chiqarib to‘g‘ri aytish boshqa: ASAP ko‘pincha “ey-es-ey-pi” yoki “ey-sap” deb aytiladi, IELTS — “ay-elts”, CEO — “si-i-ou”. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ish kuningiz haqida gaplashing va HR, CV, FAQ, a.m./p.m. kabi qisqartmalarni gapga qo‘shing: ilova talaffuz va grammatika bo‘yicha izoh beradi.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
