Inglizcha qisqartmada (contraction) apostrof o‘rnidagi harflar aytilmaydi va ikki so‘z odatda bitta bo‘g‘in bo‘lib qoladi: I am → I’m /aɪm/, it is → it’s /ɪts/, we will → we’ll /wiːl/. Inkor n’t esa /nt/ bo‘lib, oldidagi undoshga unlisiz ulanadi: didn’t /ˈdɪdnt/ — “did-nt”, “di-dent” emas. Eng muhim ikki juftlik: won’t /wəʊnt/ va want /wɒnt/, can /kən/ va can’t /kɑːnt/.
Bu sahifa I’m, don’t kabi qisqartmalar haqida. BBC, UN, IELTS kabi harfli qisqartmalar (abbreviaturalar) boshqa mavzu. Transkripsiya britancha, amerikacha farq kerak joyda yozilgan.
Apostrofni “o‘qish” xatosi: did-ent va vont
O‘zbek tilida qisqartma deyarli yo‘q, shuning uchun uni yozuvdan o‘qiymiz va har harfni aytishga harakat qilamiz. Uchta tipik natija:
- Ortiqcha unli. Didn’t “didint”, couldn’t “kudent”, isn’t “izint”. To‘g‘risida /d/ yoki /z/ dan keyin til joyida qoladi va havo burundan chiqadi: /ˈdɪdnt/, /ˈkʊdnt/, /ˈɪznt/.
- Diftong o‘rniga sof “o”. Don’t “dont”, won’t “vont”. /əʊ/ ni sof “o” deb aytsangiz, won’t xuddi want ga o‘xshaydi: “I won’t go” (bormayman) ma’nosi “I want to go” (bormoqchiman) ga yaqinlashadi. Bu diftong haqida: diftonglar ingliz tilida.
- Ikki bo‘g‘in. I’m “ay-im”, they’re “dey-ar”. Qisqartma — bitta bo‘g‘in.
Olmosh + fe’l: 16 qisqartma
| Qisqartma | To‘liq | IPA (UK) | Bir xil eshitiladi |
|---|---|---|---|
| I’m | I am | /aɪm/ | — |
| you’re | you are | /jɔː/; US /jʊr/ | your |
| he’s | he is / has | /hiːz/ | — |
| she’s | she is / has | /ʃiːz/ | — |
| it’s | it is / has | /ɪts/ | its |
| we’re | we are | /wɪə/ | — |
| they’re | they are | /ðeə/ | their, there |
| I’ve | I have | /aɪv/ | — |
| we’ve | we have | /wiːv/ | weave |
| I’d | I would / had | /aɪd/ | — |
| you’d | you would / had | /juːd/ | — |
| I’ll | I will | /aɪl/ | aisle |
| we’ll | we will | /wiːl/ | wheel |
| he’ll | he will | /hiːl/ | heal |
| that’s | that is | /ðæts/ | — |
| there’s | there is | /ðeəz/ | theirs |
’s qo‘shimchasi xuddi ko‘plik -s kabi o‘qiladi: jarangsiz undoshdan keyin /s/ (it’s, what’s, that’s), boshqa holatda /z/ (he’s, she’s, there’s). Qoidaning o‘zi: -s qo‘shimchasi talaffuzi.
We’ll /wiːl/ va will /wɪl/ farqiga e’tibor bering: birinchisida unli uzun. I’ll dagi /l/ — og‘izning orqasida aytiladigan “qalin” L.
’s va ’d ikki ma’noli. Qaysi biri ekanini keyingi so‘z aytadi:
- He’s going = he is going; He’s gone = he has gone (3-shakl).
- I’d like = I would like; I’d seen it = I had seen it (3-shakl).
Inkor qisqartmalar: n’t
| Qisqartma | IPA (UK) | Eslatma |
|---|---|---|
| isn’t | /ˈɪznt/ | “iznt”, ikki bo‘g‘in, ikkinchisida unli yo‘q |
| aren’t | /ɑːnt/ | bir bo‘g‘in; US /ɑːrnt/ |
| wasn’t | /ˈwɒznt/ | |
| weren’t | /wɜːnt/ | bir bo‘g‘in |
| don’t | /dəʊnt/ | /əʊ/ diftong; US /doʊnt/ |
| doesn’t | /ˈdʌznt/ | |
| didn’t | /ˈdɪdnt/ | “did-nt” |
| haven’t | /ˈhævnt/ | |
| can’t | /kɑːnt/; US /kænt/ | urg‘uli |
| couldn’t | /ˈkʊdnt/ | l aytilmaydi |
| won’t | /wəʊnt/; US /woʊnt/ | want /wɒnt/ bilan adashtirmang |
| shouldn’t | /ˈʃʊdnt/ | l aytilmaydi |
| mustn’t | /ˈmʌsnt/ | birinchi t aytilmaydi |
Tez nutqda n’t dagi /t/ undosh oldida ko‘pincha eshitilmaydi: I don’t like it — “ay doun layk it”. Shunda inkorni /n/ va urg‘u ko‘rsatadi. Don’t know esa ba’zan “dunno” bo‘lib ketadi.
Can va can’t: gapirganda qanday farqlash
Tinglab tanish tomoni weak forms sahifasida yoritilgan. Bu yerda o‘zingiz qanday aytishingiz kerakligini ko‘ramiz. Uchta signal bor:
| Signal | I can swim. | I can’t swim. |
|---|---|---|
| Urg‘u | can urg‘usiz, SWIM urg‘uli | CAN’T urg‘uli |
| Unli | qisqa /ə/: /kən/ | UK uzun /ɑː/, US to‘liq /æ/ |
| Oxiri | /n/ | /nt/ (US’da t ko‘pincha deyarli yo‘q) |
Xato odat: can ni ham to‘liq, urg‘u bilan “KEN” deb aytish. Amerikalik tinglovchi buni can’t deb eshitishi mumkin, chunki uning qulog‘ida urg‘uli can = inkor. Shuning uchun tasdiqda can ni “kən” deb qisqa aytib, urg‘uni asosiy fe’lga bering.
Istisno: can javob oxirida yoki ta’kidda kelsa, to‘liq aytiladi: Yes, I can /kæn/. Juda muhim inkorni esa to‘liq shaklda ayting: I cannot come on Friday — cannot bitta so‘z qilib yoziladi. Gap urg‘usi qanday ishlashi haqida: gap urg‘usi va ritm.
Gonna, wanna, gotta: nutqda ha, yozuvda yo‘q
| Og‘zaki | To‘liq | Faqat shu holatda |
|---|---|---|
| gonna | going to | + fe’l: I’m gonna call you. |
| wanna | want to / want a | I wanna go. I wanna coffee. |
| gotta | (have) got to | I gotta go. |
| hafta | have to | We hafta leave. |
| lemme | let me | Lemme see. |
| gimme | give me | Gimme a minute. |
Uchta qoida:
- 1. Gonna faqat kelasi zamon ma’nosida. I’m gonna study tonight ✓. Joyga borish ma’nosida emas: I’m gonna Tashkent ✗ → I’m going to Tashkent ✓.
- 2. Wanna uchinchi shaxsda emas. I/you/we/they wanna ✓, lekin he wanna ✗ → he wants to.
- 3. Yozuvda ishlatmang. Do‘stga xabarda mumkin, lekin xat, esse, imtihon javobi yoki ish yozishmasida faqat going to, want to. Akademik yozuvda odatda don’t, it’s kabi qisqartmalar ham to‘liq yoziladi (do not, it is). Og‘zaki nutqda, jumladan speaking imtihonida esa I’m, don’t, it’s tabiiy va kutiladigan shakllar.
Gonna va wanna so‘zlar qanday ulanishi natijasida paydo bo‘lishi: linking inglizcha.
Ovoz chiqarib o‘qing
- 1. I’m tired, but I’ll finish it tonight.
- 2. My phone’s dead. It won’t turn on.
- 3. I don’t want to go. I didn’t sleep well.
- 4. She can drive, but she can’t park.
- 5. They’re late. Their bus isn’t here yet.
- 6. We’ve been there, but we haven’t seen the museum.
- 7. I’d like tea, please. — I’d already eaten.
- 8. Informal: I’m gonna grab a coffee. Wanna come?
Lug‘at audiosi bilan tekshirish (8 daqiqa)
- 1. Cambridge Dictionary yoki Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries da won’t, want, didn’t, can’t ni qidiring. Won’t va want audiosini ketma-ket 3 marta tinglang.
- 2. Yuqoridagi 2, 3 va 4-gaplarni telefonga yozing.
- 3. Tekshiring: didn’t da ortiqcha unli bormi? Won’t da lablar oxirida yumaloqlandimi? Can qisqa va urg‘usizmi, can’t urg‘ulimi?
- 4. Bittadan xatoni tanlab, gapni qayta yozing.
Mashq
A. To‘liq shaklni qisqartmaga aylantiring va IPA’sini yozing.
- 1. I will
- 2. did not
- 3. will not
- 4. they are
- 5. could not
B. ’s yoki ’d qaysi fe’l?
- 6. She’s finished her homework.
- 7. He’s working today.
- 8. I’d love to come.
- 9. We’d already left.
C. To‘g‘rimi yoki noto‘g‘ri? Noto‘g‘risini tuzating.
- 10. I’m gonna Samarkand next week.
- 11. She wanna learn Korean.
- 12. I’m gonna call you later. (do‘stga xabar)
- 13. In my opinion, students wanna more practice. (esse)
Javoblar
1 — I’ll /aɪl/. 2 — didn’t /ˈdɪdnt/. 3 — won’t /wəʊnt/. 4 — they’re /ðeə/. 5 — couldn’t /ˈkʊdnt/.
6 — has (keyin 3-shakl finished). 7 — is (keyin -ing). 8 — would. 9 — had (keyin 3-shakl left).
10 — noto‘g‘ri: I’m going to Samarkand next week. 11 — noto‘g‘ri: She wants to learn Korean. 12 — to‘g‘ri, norasmiy xabarda mumkin. 13 — noto‘g‘ri: esseda students want more practice yoki need more practice.
Bandi bilan qisqartmalarni jonli nutqda
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda I’m, I don’t, I can’t, I won’t bilan boshlanadigan javoblar berib, talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr olasiz. Masalan, “nimani qila olasiz, nimani qila olmaysiz?” mavzusida can va can’t ni navbat bilan ishlating. AI fikri yo‘l ko‘rsatadi, rasmiy baho emas; lug‘at audiosi bilan solishtirishni davom ettiring.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — qisqartmalarning UK/US transkripsiyasi va audiosi.
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — British va North American audio.
