Diftong — bitta bo‘g‘in ichida bir unlidan ikkinchisiga sirpanib o‘tadigan unli. Britaniya talaffuzida ular 8 ta: /eɪ/ day, /aɪ/ my, /ɔɪ/ boy, /əʊ/ go, /aʊ/ now, /ɪə/ here, /eə/ hair, /ʊə/ tour. Birinchi qismi kuchli va uzunroq, ikkinchisi yengil “dum”. O‘zbek o‘quvchisi uchun eng muhimi: diftongni bitta sof unliga aylantirmaslik. Home “xom” emas, late “let” emas.
Barcha ingliz unlilarining umumiy jadvali IPA sahifasida bor. Bu yerda har bir diftongni alohida ko‘ramiz: og‘iz harakati, o‘zbekcha yaqin tovush, 6 ta so‘z, yozilish qoliplari va juftliklar.
Nega o‘zbeklar diftongni “kesib” qo‘yadi
O‘zbek tilida 6 ta unli bor va ular sof: o boshidan oxirigacha o, e boshidan oxirigacha e. Ingliz so‘zini yozuvga qarab o‘qiganda shu odat ishlaydi: o harfi → sof “o”, a harfi → sof “a” yoki “e”. Natijada home /həʊm/ “xom”, phone “fon”, late /leɪt/ “let”, name “nem” bo‘lib chiqadi.
Bu shunchaki aksent emas, ma’noni ham o‘zgartiradi: coat (palto) sof “o” bilan cot (bolalar karavoti) yoki caught ga o‘xshaydi, wait esa wet ga. Ikkinchi xato — ruscha o‘qish odati: boat “boat” (ikki bo‘g‘in), idea “ideya”.
Yaxshi tomoni: uchta diftong o‘zbek tilida deyarli tayyor turibdi. Boy (o‘zbekcha “boy” — badavlat) va inglizcha boy deyarli bir xil eshitiladi.
8 ta diftong: og‘iz harakati va o‘zbekcha yaqin tovush
Transkripsiya britancha (UK). Amerikacha farqlar keyingi bo‘limda.
Oxiri /ɪ/ ga sirpanadiganlar
1. /eɪ/ — day. “e” dan boshlab, til yuqoriga, “i” tomon ko‘tariladi. O‘zbekcha yaqin: keyin so‘zidagi “key”. Yoziladi: a_e, ai, ay, ei, eigh. So‘zlar: day, name, rain, great, eight, table.
2. /aɪ/ — my. Og‘iz keng ochiq “a” dan “i” ga. O‘zbekcha yaqin: ayt!, may (sharob) dagi “ay”. Yoziladi: i_e, igh, y, ie, uy. So‘zlar: my, time, right, buy, eye, rice.
3. /ɔɪ/ — boy. Yumaloq lablar bilan “o” dan “i” ga. O‘zbekcha yaqin: choy, boy, qoy. Yoziladi: oi, oy. So‘zlar: boy, toy, coin, noise, enjoy, choice.
Oxiri /ʊ/ ga sirpanadiganlar
4. /əʊ/ — go. O‘zbeklar uchun eng qiyini. Qisqa, bo‘sh “ə” dan boshlab, lablar oxirida yumaloqlanadi: “ə-u”. O‘zbek tilida yaqin tovush yo‘q; sof “o” demang. Yoziladi: o_e, oa, ow, o (so‘z oxirida). So‘zlar: go, home, no, road, window, coat.
5. /aʊ/ — now. Keng “a” dan lablar yumaloqlanib “u” ga. O‘zbekcha yaqin: sovg‘a dagi “ov” — lekin inglizchada tishlar labga tegmaydi, “av” emas. Yoziladi: ou, ow. So‘zlar: now, house, town, brown, mouth, flower.
Oxiri /ə/ ga sirpanadiganlar (UK)
6. /ɪə/ — here. Qisqa “i” dan bo‘sh “ə” ga: “i-ə”. Ikki bo‘g‘in qilmang. Yoziladi: ear, eer, ere, ea. So‘zlar: here, near, year, beer, idea, beard.
7. /eə/ — hair. Ochiqroq “e” dan “ə” ga; ko‘p britaniyaliklarda deyarli uzun “e:”. Yoziladi: air, are, ere, ear. So‘zlar: hair, where, chair, bear, care, there.
8. /ʊə/ — tour. Qisqa “u” dan “ə” ga. Hozirgi britancha nutqda kamayib bormoqda: ko‘p so‘zlovchi sure, poor ni /ʃɔː/, /pɔː/ deb aytadi. Lug‘atlar ko‘pincha ikkala variantni beradi. Yoziladi: our, ure, oor. So‘zlar: tour, pure, cure, sure, poor, tourist.
Amerikacha variant: 4 ta farq
| UK | US | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| /əʊ/ | /oʊ/ — boshlanishi “o” ga yaqinroq | go /ɡoʊ/, home /hoʊm/ |
| /ɪə/ | /ɪr/ — oxirida r aytiladi | here /hɪr/ |
| /eə/ | /er/ | hair /her/ |
| /ʊə/ | /ʊr/ | tour /tʊr/ |
/eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /aʊ/ ikkala variantda deyarli bir xil. Aksentlar farqi haqida umumiy ma’lumot: British va American talaffuz farqi.
Minimal juftliklar: ma’no o‘zgaradigan joylar
Har juftni ovoz chiqarib o‘qing. Chap ustunda sirpanish bor, o‘ngda yo‘q yoki boshqacha.
| Diftong | Juftlik | Diqqat |
|---|---|---|
| /eɪ/ – /e/ | late – let, wait – wet, sale – sell, pain – pen | /eɪ/ oxirida til ko‘tariladi |
| /əʊ/ – /ɒ/ | coat – cot, road – rod, note – not, hope – hop | /əʊ/ da “o” yo‘q, “ə-u” |
| /əʊ/ – /ɔː/ | coat – caught, low – law, boat – bought | /ɔː/ sof va uzun |
| /aɪ/ – /eɪ/ | my – may, like – lake, white – wait | boshlanish keng “a” mi yoki “e” mi |
| /aʊ/ – /əʊ/ | now – know, town – tone, loud – load | boshlanish “a” mi yoki “ə” mi |
| /ɔɪ/ – /aɪ/ | boy – buy, toy – tie, oil – aisle | lablar yumaloqmi |
| /ɪə/ – /eə/ | here – hair, beer – bear, fear – fair, cheer – chair | boshlanish “i” mi yoki “e” mi |
Diftong va sof unli farqining keyingi bosqichi — uzun va qisqa unlilar: ship–sheep, full–fool farqi. Ko‘proq juftlik va tinglash mashqi: minimal juftliklar mashqi.
Bitta muhim juftlik alohida: won’t /wəʊnt/ va want /wɒnt/. “I won’t go” ni sof “o” bilan aytsangiz, “I want go” ga o‘xshab qoladi va ma’no teskari bo‘ladi. Bu va boshqa qisqartmalar haqida: inglizcha qisqartmalar talaffuzi.
Ovoz chiqarib o‘qish uchun gaplar
Har gapda bitta diftong ko‘p takrorlanadi. Sirpanishni ataylab biroz cho‘zing.
- 1. /eɪ/ — Wait, the train is late again today.
- 2. /aɪ/ — I like my rice with a slice of lime.
- 3. /ɔɪ/ — The boy enjoyed the noisy toy.
- 4. /əʊ/ — Don’t go home alone, Joe. Phone me.
- 5. /aʊ/ — How about a house outside the town?
- 6. /ɪə/ — I hear there’s a beer festival near here this year.
- 7. /eə/ — Where’s the chair? It’s over there, near the stairs.
- 8. /ʊə/ — Are you sure the tour is for tourists?
Lug‘at audiosi bilan solishtirish tartibi
- 1. Cambridge Dictionary yoki Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries da home, late, here, sure ni oching. UK va US audiosini tinglang, transkripsiyadagi diftong belgisini toping.
- 2. Shu 4 so‘zni va yuqoridagi 4-gapni telefonga yozing.
- 3. Avval lug‘at audiosini, keyin o‘z yozuvingizni tinglang. Home oxirida lablar yumaloqlandimi? Late oxirida “i” tomon sirpanish bormi?
- 4. Sirpanish yo‘q so‘zni sekin, ikki qismga bo‘lib ayting (“hə…ʊm”), keyin tezlashtirib qayta yozing.
Mashq
A. Qalin harflar qaysi diftongni beradi? (/eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/, /ɪə/, /eə/, /ʊə/)
- 1. phone
- 2. weight
- 3. height
- 4. voice
- 5. cow
- 6. snow
- 7. clear
- 8. stairs
- 9. pure
- 10. buy
B. Gap mazmuniga mos so‘zni tanlang.
- 11. It’s cold. Put on your coat / cot.
- 12. Can you wait / wet for five minutes?
- 13. Do you know / now his name?
- 14. I found a grey hair / here in my soup.
Javoblar
1 — /əʊ/. 2 — /eɪ/. 3 — /aɪ/: weight va height bir xil yoziladi, lekin boshqacha o‘qiladi. 4 — /ɔɪ/. 5 — /aʊ/. 6 — /əʊ/: ow ikki xil o‘qiladi, cow va snow ni lug‘atda tekshirish kerak. 7 — /ɪə/. 8 — /eə/. 9 — /ʊə/ (UK’da /jɔː/ variant ham bor). 10 — /aɪ/.
11 — coat /kəʊt/. 12 — wait /weɪt/. 13 — know /nəʊ/. 14 — hair /heə/.
10 tadan ko‘p to‘g‘ri bo‘lsa, diftonglarni yozuvdan taniy olasiz. Endi ularni gapda, oxirigacha sirpanib aytishni mashq qiling.
Bandi bilan diftongli so‘zlarni sinash
BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda go home, late, phone, idea kabi so‘zlarni o‘z javobingizga qo‘shib ayting va talaffuz bo‘yicha fikr oling. Masalan, kunlik tartibingiz haqida gapirganda I go home late gapini ishlating. AI fikri yo‘l ko‘rsatadi, rasmiy baho emas; lug‘at audiosi bilan solishtirishni davom ettiring.
Manbalar
- Cambridge Dictionary — UK va US transkripsiya va audio.
- Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries — British va North American audio.
