Ingliz tilida kasrning surati oddiy son, maxraji esa tartib son bilan o‘qiladi: 1/5 — one fifth, 3/8 — three eighths. Faqat ikkita istisno bor: 1/2 — a half, 1/4 — a quarter. O‘nli kasrda vergul emas, nuqta yoziladi va point deb o‘qiladi: 0.25 — zero point two five. Foiz belgisi — per cent (britancha) yoki percent (amerikacha): 15% — fifteen per cent.
Hozir birini ovoz chiqarib ayting: Two thirds of my group passed the exam, and the pass mark was sixty per cent. Shu bitta gapda kasr ham, foiz ham bor.
Soat yuzidagi half va quarter bilan kasrdagi a half va a quarter — bir xil so‘zlar. Soatni aytishni bilsangiz, eng qiyin ikkita kasrni allaqachon bilasiz. Soatlar haqida batafsil sana va vaqt sahifasida yozilgan.
Oddiy kasrlar: surat + tartib son
| Kasr | Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | a half, one half | yarim, ikkidan bir | Half of the class lives in Chilonzor. |
| 1/3 | a third, one third | uchdan bir | A third of the cake is left. |
| 2/3 | two thirds | uchdan ikki | Two thirds of the students chose IT. |
| 1/4 | a quarter, one quarter | chorak, to‘rtdan bir | A quarter of an hour is fifteen minutes. |
| 3/4 | three quarters | to‘rtdan uch | Three quarters of the seats were empty. |
| 1/5 | a fifth | beshdan bir | About a fifth of my salary goes on rent. |
| 2/5 | two fifths | beshdan ikki | Two fifths of the flour is already in the bowl. |
| 3/8 | three eighths | sakkizdan uch | Cut three eighths of an inch off the edge. |
| 1/10 | a tenth | o‘ndan bir | A tenth of the budget is for advertising. |
| 1/100 | a hundredth | yuzdan bir | The race was won by a hundredth of a second. |
Qoida oddiy: surat 1 bo‘lsa, maxraj birlikda (a fifth); surat 2 va undan katta bo‘lsa, maxrajga -s qo‘shiladi (two fifths, three eighths). Maxraj uchun tartib sonlarni bilish shart: fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth yozilishi ko‘pchilikni chalg‘itadi. Ularning ro‘yxati tartib sonlar sahifasida.
Murakkab kasrlar. Maxraj katta bo‘lsa (masalan 7/15 yoki 23/100), matematika darsida over ishlatiladi: seven over fifteen. Kundalik nutqda seven fifteenths ham to‘g‘ri, lekin over tushunarliroq.
Aralash sonlar. Butun qism + and + kasr: 2½ — two and a half, 1¾ — one and three quarters. Diqqat: one and a half hours (ko‘plik!), lekin an hour and a half (birlik). Ikkalasi ham to‘g‘ri va bir xil ma’noda.
O‘nli kasrlar: nuqta, vergul va nol
O‘zbek va rus tilida o‘nli kasr vergul bilan yoziladi: 0,25. Ingliz tilida esa nuqta: 0.25. Vergul ingliz tilida minglarni ajratadi: 1,500 — one thousand five hundred, “bir yarim” emas. IELTS jadvallarida va xalqaro hujjatlarda shu farq ko‘p xato keltiradi.
| Yozilishi | O‘qilishi | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| 0.5 | zero point five yoki point five | Britaniyada nought point five ham deyiladi |
| 0.25 | zero point two five | Nuqtadan keyingi raqamlar alohida-alohida |
| 3.14 | three point one four | “three point fourteen” emas |
| 12.07 | twelve point oh seven | Nuqtadan keyingi 0 ko‘pincha oh |
| 1.5 million | one point five million | million birlikda qoladi |
| 0.001 | zero point zero zero one | Uzun bo‘lsa ham har raqam aytiladi |
Eng ko‘p uchraydigan xato: 3.25 ni three point twenty-five deb o‘qish. Nuqtadan keyin raqamlar bitta-bitta o‘qiladi: three point two five. Pul summasi bundan mustasno: $3.25 — three dollars twenty-five yoki three twenty-five.
Foizlar: per cent, percentage va percentage point
| Yozilishi | O‘qilishi |
|---|---|
| 15% | fifteen per cent |
| 0.5% | half a per cent yoki zero point five per cent |
| 100% | a hundred per cent |
| 12.5% | twelve point five per cent |
| 250% | two hundred and fifty per cent |
Uchta so‘zni farqlang:
- per cent / percent — faqat son bilan: 30 per cent of the users. Ko‘plik shakli yo‘q: thirty percents emas.
- percentage — sonsiz, umumiy ulush: A large percentage of young people use Telegram. What percentage of your income do you save?
- percentage point — ikki foiz orasidagi farq. Ishsizlik 10% dan 12% ga ko‘tarilsa, u two percentage points ga oshgan, lekin 20 per cent ga oshgan (chunki 2 soni 10 ning beshdan biri). IELTS Writing Task 1 da bu farqni to‘g‘ri yozish aniqlik ko‘rsatadi.
Foiz bilan fe’l moslashuvi: of dan keyingi ot sanaladigan ko‘plik bo‘lsa, fe’l ko‘plikda; sanalmaydigan bo‘lsa, birlikda. Forty per cent of the students are from the regions. Forty per cent of the water is wasted. Kasrlarda ham xuddi shunday: Half of the apples are green. Half of the money was spent.
Daraja, ildiz va arifmetik amallar
| Yozilishi | O‘qilishi | O‘zbekcha |
|---|---|---|
| 10² | ten squared | o‘nning kvadrati |
| 2³ | two cubed | ikkining kubi |
| 10⁵ | ten to the power of five / ten to the fifth | o‘nning beshinchi darajasi |
| √16 | the square root of sixteen | o‘n oltining kvadrat ildizi |
| 7 + 3 = 10 | seven plus three equals ten | qo‘shish |
| 9 − 4 = 5 | nine minus four is five | ayirish |
| 6 × 4 | six times four / six multiplied by four | ko‘paytirish |
| 20 ÷ 5 | twenty divided by five | bo‘lish |
| 3 : 1 | three to one | nisbat |
| 25 °C | twenty-five degrees Celsius | harorat |
| 90° | ninety degrees | burchak |
| −5 °C | minus five / five below zero | sovuq harorat |
Degree doim son bilan ko‘plikda: one degree, lekin two degrees, 38 degrees. Harorat haqida so‘zlar ob-havo inglizcha sahifasida jamlangan.
IELTS grafiklari uchun: aniq son o‘rniga ulush
IELTS Writing Task 1 da bir xil raqamlarni takrorlash o‘rniga ularni kasr yoki taxminiy ibora bilan qayta aytish so‘z boyligini ko‘rsatadi. Quyidagi jadvalni yod oling:
| Foiz | Ibora | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| 24% | just under a quarter | Just under a quarter of households owned a car. |
| 26% | just over a quarter | Just over a quarter of the budget went on salaries. |
| 33% | a third, one in three | One in three respondents preferred online courses. |
| 49% | almost half, nearly half | Nearly half of the graduates found jobs in Tashkent. |
| 50% | half | Exactly half of the visitors were foreigners. |
| 65% | roughly two thirds | Roughly two thirds of the land was used for cotton. |
| 75% | three quarters | Three quarters of the respondents were satisfied. |
| 80% | the vast majority, four out of five | Four out of five users opened the app daily. |
| 5% | a tiny fraction, a small minority | Only a small minority cycled to work. |
| ×2 | doubled, twice as many | The number of tourists doubled. |
Majority va minority dan keyin of + ko‘plik ot keladi: the majority of students. Line graph va pie chart namunalari IELTS line graph va IELTS pie chart sahifalarida tayyor javob bilan tahlil qilingan.
Bu so‘zlar kundalik hayotda foiz bilan birga keladi: a 20 per cent discount (20 foizli chegirma), an interest rate of 18 per cent (18 foiz stavka), Inflation rose by two percentage points. E’tibor bering: son sifat vazifasida kelganda per cent baribir birlikda qoladi.
O‘zbek o‘quvchilari ko‘p qiladigan xatolar
| Xato | To‘g‘ri | Izoh |
|---|---|---|
| two third | two thirds | Surat 1 dan katta bo‘lsa, maxrajga -s |
| one second (1/2) | a half | 1/2 uchun second ishlatilmaydi |
| one fourth (UK matnida) | a quarter | One fourth amerikacha, lekin a quarter hamma joyda tushuniladi |
| zero comma five | zero point five | Ingliz tilida nuqta |
| three point fourteen | three point one four | Nuqtadan keyin raqamlar alohida |
| fifty percents | fifty per cent | Per cent ko‘plikda kelmaydi |
| The percent of users rose. | The percentage of users rose. | Sonsiz — percentage |
| Half of students is girls. | Half of the students are girls. | Ko‘plik ot — ko‘plik fe’l |
| 30 degree | 30 degrees | Degree ko‘plikda |
Rus tilida o‘qigan o‘quvchilar ko‘pincha одна вторая ni tarjima qilib one second deydi. Ingliz tilida bunday shakl yo‘q; 1/2 doim a half yoki one half.
Mashq
A. So‘z bilan yozing.
- 1. 3/4
- 2. 2/5
- 3. 0.75
- 4. 4.08
- 5. 45%
- 6. 5²
- 7. 1½ hours
B. To‘g‘ri variantni tanlang.
- 8. Sixty (per cent / percents) of the class passed.
- 9. The (percent / percentage) of women in IT has grown.
- 10. Half of the money (was / were) spent on food.
- 11. Two thirds of the students (live / lives) in dormitories.
- 12. Unemployment went up from 8% to 10%, so it rose by two (per cent / percentage points).
C. IELTS uslubida qayta yozing (kasr yoki taxminiy ibora bilan).
- 13. 74% of the respondents were satisfied.
- 14. 52% of the budget went on salaries.
- 15. 20% of people cycle to work.
Javoblar
1 — three quarters; 2 — two fifths; 3 — zero point seven five (yoki point seven five); 4 — four point oh eight (yoki four point zero eight); 5 — forty-five per cent; 6 — five squared; 7 — one and a half hours (yoki an hour and a half); 8 — per cent; 9 — percentage; 10 — was; 11 — live; 12 — percentage points; 13 — Almost three quarters of the respondents were satisfied; 14 — Just over half of the budget went on salaries; 15 — One in five people cycles to work (yoki A fifth of people cycle to work).
11- va 15-savollarda fe’l of dan keyingi otga qarab tanlanadi. One in five people birikmasida esa fe’l ko‘pincha birlikda (cycles) keladi, chunki gap “beshtadan bittasi” haqida; amerikacha matnlarda ko‘plik ham uchraydi.
BandMate bilan mashq
Raqamlarni o‘qish — ko‘z bilan emas, og‘iz bilan o‘rganiladigan ko‘nikma. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan IELTS Speaking suhbatida What percentage of your friends…? yoki How much of your day do you spend…? kabi savollarga javob berib ko‘ring: kasr va foizni tez aytishni mashq qilasiz, ilova esa talaffuz va grammatika bo‘yicha izoh beradi. Keyingi qadam sifatida katta raqamlarni ham tartibga soling: katta sonlarni o‘qish sahifasida million va milliardlar qanday aytilishi ko‘rsatilgan.
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