Ot oldida bir nechta sifat kelsa, ingliz tilida ular qat’iy tartibda turadi: fikr → o‘lcham → yosh → shakl → rang → kelib chiqish → material → maqsad → OT. Shuning uchun an old brown leather suitcase (eski jigarrang charm chamadon) deyiladi, a leather brown old suitcase emas. Qoidani eslab qolish uchun bosh harflardan tuzilgan OSASCOMP so‘zi ishlatiladi: Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose.
Amalda ikki-uchta sifat yetarli. Eng muhim ikki nuqta: fikr bildiruvchi sifat doim birinchi, material va maqsad doim otga eng yaqin.
Sakkiz guruh bitta jadvalda
| № | Guruh | Savol | Misollar | O‘zbekcha |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Opinion (fikr) | Qanday? (sizningcha) | beautiful, nice, ugly, delicious, cheap, comfortable | chiroyli, yoqimli, mazali |
| 2 | Size (o‘lcham) | Qanchalik katta? | big, small, tiny, huge, long, short | katta, kichkina, uzun |
| 3 | Age (yosh) | Qanchalik eski/yangi? | old, new, young, ancient, modern | eski, yangi, qadimiy |
| 4 | Shape (shakl) | Qanday shaklda? | round, square, flat, narrow, wide | dumaloq, to‘rtburchak, tor |
| 5 | Colour (rang) | Qanday rangda? | red, dark blue, white, brown | qizil, to‘q ko‘k, oq |
| 6 | Origin (kelib chiqish) | Qayerniki? | Uzbek, Korean, Italian, Samarkand | o‘zbek, koreys, samarqand |
| 7 | Material | Nimadan qilingan? | silk, leather, wooden, plastic, woollen | ipak, charm, yog‘och |
| 8 | Purpose (maqsad) | Nima uchun? | running (shoes), sleeping (bag), wedding (dress) | yugurish uchun, to‘y uchun |
Birinchi guruh — sizning fikringiz, qolganlari — fakt. Umumiy qoida shundan kelib chiqadi: avval shaxsiy baho, keyin tekshirsa bo‘ladigan belgilar. A comfortable new chair — “qulay” degan sizning bahoingiz, “yangi” esa fakt.
Ba’zi grammatika kitoblarida shape va age o‘rni almashgan holda beriladi, bu farq amalda kam seziladi. Fikr birinchi, material va maqsad oxirida turishi esa qat’iy.
Bir sifatdan to‘rttagacha: misollar zinapoyasi
Qoidani bosqichma-bosqich ko‘ring. Har qatorda bitta guruh qo‘shiladi:
| Sifatlar soni | Inglizcha | O‘zbekcha |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | a silk scarf | ipak ro‘mol |
| 2 | a red silk scarf | qizil ipak ro‘mol |
| 3 | a long red silk scarf | uzun qizil ipak ro‘mol |
| 4 | a beautiful long red silk scarf | chiroyli uzun qizil ipak ro‘mol |
Yana bir nechta tayyor birikma:
- a small round wooden table — kichkina dumaloq yog‘och stol (o‘lcham, shakl, material)
- fresh round Samarkand bread — yangi dumaloq Samarqand noni (fikr/holat, shakl, kelib chiqish)
- a cheap Chinese plastic toy — arzon xitoy plastik o‘yinchoq (fikr, kelib chiqish, material)
- a huge old Soviet building — ulkan eski sovet binosi (o‘lcham, yosh, kelib chiqish)
- an elegant black evening dress — nafis qora kechki ko‘ylak (fikr, rang, maqsad)
- a comfortable new office chair — qulay yangi ofis kursisi (fikr, yosh, maqsad)
Oxirgi ikki misolda evening va office aslida ot, lekin bu yerda “nima uchun” degan savolga javob beradi va otga yopishib turadi. Running shoes, sleeping bag, wedding dress, coffee cup kabi juftliklar bitta so‘zdek ishlaydi, orasiga boshqa sifat qo‘yilmaydi: new running shoes, running new shoes emas.
Rasmlarda: narsalarni tartib bilan tasvirlash
Har bir rasmdagi sifatlarni guruhlarga ajratib ko‘ring. Masalan, a warm green woollen sweater: warm — fikr/xususiyat, green — rang, woollen — material.
Vergul va and: qachon kerak
Turli guruhdagi sifatlar orasiga vergul qo‘yilmaydi: a big old house, a small round wooden table.
Vergul bir guruhdagi, ayniqsa fikr bildiruvchi sifatlar orasida qo‘yiladi: a cheap, comfortable hotel — arzon, qulay mehmonxona. Bu yerda ikkala so‘z ham baho, tartibini almashtirsa ham bo‘ladi: a comfortable, cheap hotel.
Ikki rang yoki ikki material birga kelsa, and ishlatiladi: a black and white cat — qora-oq mushuk, a red and yellow flag, a steel and glass building.
Ot oldidagi uchta-to‘rtta sifat yozma matnda uchraydi, lekin og‘zaki nutqda ikki sifatdan keyin gapni bo‘lish tabiiyroq eshitiladi: She wore a long silk dress. It was dark blue and really beautiful.
A leather black bag emas: tartib xatolari
O‘zbek tilida sifatlar tartibi ancha erkin: “qora charm sumka” ham, “charm qora sumka” ham quloqqa g‘alati tuyulmaydi. Rus tilida ham shunday. Ingliz tilida esa noto‘g‘ri tartib darhol “chet ellik” degan taassurot qoldiradi, garchi ma’no tushunarli bo‘lsa ham.
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Sababi |
|---|---|---|
| a leather black bag | a black leather bag | rang materialdan oldin |
| a Chinese new phone | a new Chinese phone | yosh kelib chiqishdan oldin |
| a wooden old table | an old wooden table | material otga eng yaqin |
| running new shoes | new running shoes | maqsad so‘zi otga yopishadi |
| a silk Uzbek scarf | an Uzbek silk scarf | kelib chiqish materialdan oldin |
| an old beautiful mosque | a beautiful old mosque | fikr doim birinchi |
| a expensive small watch | an expensive small watch | artikl birinchi sifatga qarab: unli tovush — an |
| a table round small | a small round table | sifat otdan oldin keladi |
Artikl haqidagi qatorga e’tibor bering: a/an ot bilan emas, o‘zidan keyingi birinchi so‘z bilan moslashadi. An old car, lekin a new car; an Uzbek scarf, lekin a beautiful Uzbek scarf.
Aeroportda: yo‘qolgan chamadonni tasvirlash
Sifatlar tartibi eng ko‘p kerak bo‘ladigan joylardan biri — yo‘qolgan narsani tasvirlash. Nilufar Istanbuldan Toshkentga uchib keldi, lekin chamadoni kelmadi.
Officer: Good evening. How can I help you?
Nilufar: My suitcase didn’t arrive. I was on the flight from Istanbul.
Officer: I’m sorry about that. Can you describe the suitcase?
Nilufar: Yes. It’s a large dark green plastic suitcase with four wheels.
Officer: Any labels or special marks?
Nilufar: There’s a small red ribbon on the handle. And a white name tag.
Officer: What’s inside? Anything valuable?
Nilufar: Mostly clothes. A long blue silk dress for a wedding, a grey woollen jacket and some new leather sandals.
Officer: OK. We’ll call you when it arrives, usually within two days.
Nilufar: Thank you. Please be careful with the dress, it’s my sister’s wedding dress.
Dialogdagi har bir birikmani jadval bilan solishtiring: large dark green plastic suitcase — o‘lcham, rang, material; long blue silk dress — o‘lcham, rang, material; new leather sandals — yosh, material. Hech qayerda tartib buzilmagan.
Kiyimlarning nomlari kerak bo‘lsa, kiyimlar inglizcha sahifasida rasmlar bilan berilgan. Odamning tashqi ko‘rinishini tasvirlashda ham xuddi shu tartib ishlaydi: long dark curly hair — bu haqda tashqi ko‘rinishni tasvirlash maqolasida.
Mashq: 14 ta topshiriq
A. So‘zlarni to‘g‘ri tartibda yozing.
- 1. a / leather / black / jacket
- 2. an / wooden / old / door
- 3. a / round / small / mirror
- 4. Korean / new / a / car
- 5. a / cotton / white / shirt
- 6. delicious / Uzbek / hot / bread (hot — holat)
- 7. a / modern / beautiful / building
- 8. a pair of / football / new / boots
B. Xatoni toping va tuzating.
- 9. She bought a silk blue beautiful scarf.
- 10. I need a sleeping warm bag for the mountains.
- 11. They live in a big, old, house.
- 12. He gave me a Japanese small expensive watch.
C. Tarjima qiling.
- 13. Kichkina qora mushuk.
- 14. Chiroyli eski o‘zbek gilami (gilam — carpet).
Javoblar
- 1. a black leather jacket — rang (5) materialdan (7) oldin.
- 2. an old wooden door — yosh (3), material (7); old unli bilan boshlangani uchun an.
- 3. a small round mirror — o‘lcham (2), shakl (4).
- 4. a new Korean car — yosh (3), kelib chiqish (6).
- 5. a white cotton shirt — rang, material.
- 6. delicious hot Uzbek bread — fikr birinchi, keyin holat, keyin kelib chiqish.
- 7. a beautiful modern building — fikr (1) yoshdan (3) oldin.
- 8. a pair of new football boots — football maqsad, otga yopishadi.
- 9. She bought a beautiful blue silk scarf. — fikr, rang, material.
- 10. I need a warm sleeping bag… — sleeping bag bitta birikma, sifat undan oldin keladi.
- 11. They live in a big old house. — turli guruh, vergul kerak emas.
- 12. He gave me an expensive small Japanese watch. — fikr, o‘lcham, kelib chiqish; artikl an, chunki expensive unli bilan boshlanadi. Og‘zakida a small, expensive Japanese watch ham uchraydi, lekin boshlang‘ich qoida bo‘yicha fikr birinchi turadi.
- 13. a small black cat — o‘lcham, rang.
- 14. a beautiful old Uzbek carpet — fikr, yosh, kelib chiqish.
Sifatlarning o‘zini ko‘paytirmoqchi bo‘lsangiz, inglizcha sifatlar ro‘yxati sahifasidan boshlang. Bir narsani boshqasi bilan solishtirishga o‘tganda esa sifat darajalari kerak bo‘ladi: bigger, the most beautiful. Keyinroq sifat darajalari mashqlari bilan ikkalasini birga takrorlang.
Uyingizdagi narsalarni Bandi bilan tasvirlang
Tartibni yodlashdan ko‘ra ko‘p marta aytish samaraliroq: a small round wooden table bir necha marta og‘izdan chiqsa, keyin a wooden small qulog‘ingizga g‘alati eshitila boshlaydi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi bilan ovozli suhbatda xonangiz, sevimli kiyimingiz yoki yo‘qolgan narsangizni tasvirlashingiz mumkin; ilova gapingizdagi xatolarni ko‘rsatadi. Hozir atrofingizga qarang va uchta narsani ikki-uch sifat bilan ayting, masalan: a big white plastic bottle.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
