Ingliz tilida shart gapning turini ikki savol hal qiladi: shart real bo‘lishi mumkinmi yoki haqiqatga zidmi va gap qaysi vaqt haqida — doim, kelajak, hozir yoki o‘tmish. Doim to‘g‘ri bo‘ladigan narsa uchun zero, kelajakdagi real imkoniyat uchun first, hozirgi xayol uchun second, o‘tmishda bo‘lmagan voqea uchun third ishlatiladi. Sabab bir vaqtda, natija boshqa vaqtda bo‘lsa, mixed kerak bo‘ladi.
Yodda tutish kerak bo‘lgan bitta qoida hamma turga tegishli: if qismida will ham, would ham ishlatilmaydi. Kelajak va xayol ma’nosini boshqa qism ko‘taradi.
Beshta tur, beshta formula
| Tur | If qismi | Natija qismi | Ma’no | O‘zbekcha qolip | Misol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | Present Simple | Present Simple | har doim shunday | -sa, -adi / -ganda, -adi | If you press F5, the page reloads. |
| First | Present Simple | will + V1 | kelajakda bo‘lishi mumkin | -sa, -aman / -adi | If the shop is open, I’ll buy bread. |
| Second | Past Simple | would + V1 | hozir yo‘q, xayol | -sa edi (-ganda edi), -ardim | If I had a garden, I’d grow tomatoes. |
| Third | had + V3 | would have + V3 | o‘tmishda bo‘lmagan | -gan bo‘lsa edi, -gan bo‘lardim | If I had seen the message, I would have replied. |
| Mixed | had + V3 | would + V1 | o‘tmish sabab, hozirgi natija | -ganimda edi, hozir -ardim | If I had saved money, I wouldn’t need a loan now. |
Har bir tur alohida sahifada chuqur ko‘rilgan. Qoidalar va fan misollari uchun zero conditional, va’da va ogohlantirishlar uchun first conditional, orzu va maslahat uchun second conditional, o‘tmishga afsus uchun third conditional, ikki vaqt aralashgan gaplar uchun mixed conditionals sahifasini oching.
Real yoki noreal: to‘g‘ri turni tanlashning to‘rt qadami
Gap tuzishdan oldin o‘zingizga ketma-ket savol bering:
- Bu har safar shunday bo‘ladimi (qoida, tabiat, odat)? Ha bo‘lsa — zero.
- Bu kelajakda haqiqatan bo‘lishi mumkinmi va men bunga jiddiy qarayapmanmi? Ha bo‘lsa — first.
- Bu hozirgi haqiqatga zid yoki deyarli imkonsiz narsami? Ha bo‘lsa — second.
- Bu o‘tmishda bo‘lib o‘tdi va endi o‘zgartirib bo‘lmaydimi? Ha bo‘lsa — third. Agar natija bugun ko‘rinayotgan bo‘lsa — mixed.
Real shartda gapiruvchi voqea bo‘lishiga ishonadi yoki uni oddiy fakt deb biladi (zero, first). Noreal shartda u haqiqatga zid narsani tasavvur qiladi (second, third, mixed). Noreal turlarda fe’l bir qadam orqaga suriladi: hozir haqida — o‘tgan zamon, o‘tmish haqida — had + V3. Shu “orqaga surish” bu gap haqiqat emas, degan signal.
Bitta telefon, besh xil gap
Sardor har kuni metroda ishga boradi va telefoni tez-tez o‘chib qoladi. Xuddi shu vaziyatni besh tur bilan aytib ko‘ramiz:
- Zero: If my phone drops below five percent, it switches off on its own. — Zaryad besh foizdan tushsa, telefon o‘zi o‘chadi. (Har safar shunday.)
- First: If I don’t charge it now, it will die during the meeting. — Hozir quvvatlamasam, majlis paytida o‘chib qoladi. (Real xavf.)
- Second: If I had a power bank, I wouldn’t worry about this. — Power bankim bo‘lsa edi, bu haqda qayg‘urmasdim. (Hozir yo‘q.)
- Third: If I had charged it last night, it wouldn’t have died on the metro. — Kecha kechqurun quvvatlaganimda, metroda o‘chib qolmagan bo‘lardi. (Kecha quvvatlamadi.)
- Mixed: If I had bought the model with a bigger battery, I wouldn’t be looking for a socket now. — Kattaroq batareyali modelni olganimda, hozir rozetka qidirib yurmasdim.
Vaziyat bitta, lekin har gapda fe’l shakli boshqa. Tinglovchi aynan shu shakldan gapiruvchi nimani nazarda tutayotganini tushunadi.
O‘zbekcha -sa inglizchada qanday bo‘linadi
O‘zbek tilida shartning asosiy belgisi bitta: -sa. Real va noreal farqini esa natija qismi va edi yordamchisi beradi. Inglizchada ikkala qism o‘zgaradi:
| O‘zbekcha | Nima bildiradi | Inglizcha |
|---|---|---|
| Tugmani bossangiz, eshik ochiladi. | doimiy natija | If you press the button, the door opens. |
| Ertaga vaqtim bo‘lsa, boraman. | real kelajak | If I have time tomorrow, I’ll go. |
| Vaqtim bo‘lsa edi, borardim. | hozir vaqt yo‘q | If I had time, I would go. |
| Kecha vaqtim bo‘lganida, borgan bo‘lardim. | kecha vaqt bo‘lmagan | If I had had time yesterday, I would have gone. |
| O‘sha kuni kursga yozilganimda, hozir ravon gapirardim. | o‘tmish → hozir | If I had signed up for the course, I would speak fluently now. |
Ikkita kuzatish foydali. Birinchidan, o‘zbekcha -ardim deyarli har doim would + V1 ga, -gan bo‘lardim esa would have + V3 ga to‘g‘ri keladi. Ikkinchidan, o‘zbekcha shart qismida ham kelajak qo‘shimchasi yo‘q: “boraman bo‘lsa” demaymiz, “borsam” deymiz. Inglizchada ham shunday: If I go, If I will go emas. Bu xato ko‘pincha rus tilidagi если будет qolipidan keladi.
Vergul, when va boshqa bog‘lovchilar
Vergul. If qismi boshida kelsa, ikki qism orasiga vergul qo‘yiladi: If you’re cold, close the window. Natija qismi boshida kelsa, vergul kerak emas: Close the window if you’re cold.
If va when. When ishonch bildiradi, if — ehtimol. When I get my salary, I’ll pay you back (maosh albatta keladi). If I get the bonus, I’ll buy a new laptop (bonus bo‘lmasligi ham mumkin).
Boshqa bog‘lovchilar. Unless (agar ... -masa), as long as (... shartida), provided that (rasmiy shart) va in case (har ehtimolga qarshi) ham shart gap tuzadi, lekin ma’nosi if dan farq qiladi. Ular unless, provided, as long as sahifasida taqqoslangan. Afsus va orzu if siz ham aytiladi: I wish I had more time. Bu qolipning qoidalari wish va if only sahifasida.
If qismiga will yoki would qo‘yish: eng ko‘p uchraydigan beshta chalkashlik
| Noto‘g‘ri | To‘g‘ri | Nima buzilgan |
|---|---|---|
| If it will be sunny, we’ll go to Chorvoq. | If it’s sunny, we’ll go to Chorvoq. | if qismida kelajak shakli |
| If I would know his number, I would call him. | If I knew his number, I would call him. | if qismida would |
| If I had more money, I will travel. | If I had more money, I would travel. | second’da will |
| If you had come, you would enjoy it. | If you had come, you would have enjoyed it. | o‘tmish natijasi would have talab qiladi |
| If I didn’t miss the bus yesterday, I would be on time. | If I hadn’t missed the bus yesterday, I would have been on time. | o‘tmish sharti had + V3 bilan |
Oxirgi ikki xato o‘zbekchadan tarjimada tez-tez chiqadi, chunki “kelganingda, yoqardi” va “kelganingda, yoqqan bo‘lardi” og‘zaki nutqda chalkashib ketadi. Vaqtni aniqlang: kecha haqidami — had va would have ikkalasi ham kerak.
Mashq: turini aniqlang va qavsni to‘ldiring
- 1. If you ______ (mix) blue and yellow paint, you get green.
- 2. If the bus ______ (not / come) in ten minutes, we ______ (take) a taxi.
- 3. If I ______ (live) closer to the university, I ______ (walk) there every day.
- 4. If she ______ (read) the instructions, she ______ (not / break) the printer yesterday.
- 5. If I ______ (be) you, I ______ (ask) the teacher for help.
- 6. When the teacher ______ (come) in, the students stand up.
- 7. If they ______ (invite) us, we ______ (go) to the wedding next month.
- 8. If I ______ (learn) to drive at eighteen, I ______ (not / need) lifts from my brother now.
- 9. If you ______ (freeze) bread, it ______ (stay) fresh for weeks.
- 10. We ______ (win) the match last Sunday if Bekzod ______ (not / get) injured.
- 11. What ______ you ______ (do) if you ______ (find) a wallet in the street?
- 12. I ______ (call) you as soon as I ______ (land) in Namangan.
Javoblar
- 1. mix — zero, rang aralashtirish har safar bir xil natija beradi.
- 2. doesn’t come … will take (we’ll take) — first, real kelajak; if qismida present.
- 3. lived … would walk — second, hozir universitetdan uzoqda yashayman.
- 4. had read … wouldn’t have broken — third, kecha printer buzildi, qo‘llanma o‘qilmagan.
- 5. were … would ask — second, maslahat qolipi If I were you.
- 6. comes — zero, sinfdagi doimiy odat; when bu yerda “har safar” ma’nosida.
- 7. invite … will go — first, taklif qilishlari mumkin.
- 8. had learned (learnt) … wouldn’t need — mixed, o‘tmishdagi sabab, hozirgi natija (now).
- 9. freeze … stays — zero, umumiy fakt.
- 10. would have won … hadn’t got — third, o‘tgan yakshanba, o‘zgartirib bo‘lmaydi.
- 11. would … do … found — second, gipotetik savol.
- 12. will call (I’ll call) … land — first, vaqt bog‘lovchisi as soon as dan keyin ham present.
Xatolaringiz qaysi turda ko‘proq bo‘lsa, o‘sha turning sahifasiga o‘ting: har birida 12–15 ta qo‘shimcha gap va izohli javoblar bor.
Shart gaplarni ovoz chiqarib: BandMate’da
Yozma mashqda to‘g‘ri tanlash osonroq, jonli suhbatda esa would va had tez tushib qoladi. BandMate ilovasida Bandi sizga “Agar ertaga dam olish kuni bo‘lsa, nima qilasiz?” yoki “Boshqa shaharda yashaganingizda, nima o‘zgarardi?” kabi savollarni inglizcha beradi, siz ovoz chiqarib javob berasiz va qaysi gapda shakl adashganini ko‘rasiz. Bugun sinab ko‘ring: telefon misolidagidek, o‘z hayotingizdan bitta vaziyatni tanlab, uni besh tur bilan aytib chiqing.
Manbalar
- British Council LearnEnglish: Conditionals — zero, first and second
- British Council LearnEnglish: Conditionals — third and mixed
