Bu sahifa — ingliz tili grammatikasining xaritasi. Unda 12 ta asosiy bo‘lim bor: gap qolipi, zamonlar, to be, modal fe’llar, shart gaplar, majhul nisbat, artikllar, otlar va miqdor, olmoshlar, sifatlar, predloglar va fe’l qoliplari. Har bir bo‘limda eng zarur qoida qisqa jadvalda berilgan, uning ostida esa batafsil tushuntirish va mashq joylashgan sahifaga havola bor.
Sahifani saqlab qo‘ying yoki chop eting: dars paytida yoki esse yozayotganda qoidani tez tekshirish uchun qulay. Grammatikani qaysi tartibda o‘rganish kerakligi haqida alohida maqola bor: grammatikani nimadan boshlash.
1. Gap qolipi: darak, inkor, so‘roq
Inglizcha gapning asosi: ega + fe’l + to‘ldiruvchi + joy + vaqt. Fe’l doim egadan keyin keladi, o‘zbekchadagidek oxirda emas.
| Tur | Oddiy fe’l bilan | be bilan |
|---|---|---|
| Darak | She works in Nukus. | She is a nurse. |
| Inkor | She doesn’t work in Nukus. | She isn’t a nurse. |
| So‘roq | Does she work in Nukus? | Is she a nurse? |
| Wh-so‘roq | Where does she work? | What is her job? |
Batafsil: gap tuzish, savol tuzish.
2. Zamonlar: 12 shakl bitta to‘rda
Qatorda vaqt, ustunda ko‘rinish. Misollar work fe’li bilan.
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present | work / works | am/is/are working | have/has worked | have/has been working |
| Past | worked | was/were working | had worked | had been working |
| Future | will work | will be working | will have worked | will have been working |
Formulasi, signal so‘zlari va o‘zbekcha tarjimasi bilan to‘liq jadval zamonlar jadvali sahifasida. Vaziyatga qarab zamon tanlash esa qaysi zamonni qachon ishlatish sahifasida.
3. To be, have got, there is
| Qolip | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| am / is / are | …man, …dir (hozir) | I’m tired. They are at home. |
| was / were | edi (o‘tmish) | We were in Khiva last week. |
| have got / has got | …im bor (egalik) | She’s got two brothers. |
| there is / there are | …da … bor | There’s a pharmacy near the metro. |
Batafsil: to be fe’li, there is va there are.
4. Modal fe’llar
Modal fe’ldan keyin fe’l to siz va -s siz keladi: She can swim, She cans swims emas.
| Modal | Ma’nosi | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| can / could | qila olmoq; ruxsat; iltimos | Can you help me? |
| must | qat’iy majburiyat (so‘zlovchining fikri) | I must call my mum. |
| have to | tashqi majburiyat, qoida | We have to wear a uniform. |
| should | maslahat | You should sleep more. |
| may / might | ehtimol | It might rain tonight. |
| mustn’t | taqiq | You mustn’t smoke here. |
| don’t have to | shart emas | You don’t have to pay. |
Batafsil: modal fe’llar jadvali.
5. Shart gaplar
| Tur | if qismi | Asosiy qism | Ma’nosi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zero | Present Simple | Present Simple | doimiy haqiqat: If you heat ice, it melts. |
| First | Present Simple | will + V1 | real kelajak: If it rains, I’ll stay home. |
| Second | Past Simple | would + V1 | xayoliy hozir: If I had a car, I’d drive. |
| Third | Past Perfect | would have + V3 | o‘tmishga afsus: If I had studied, I’d have passed. |
Qoida: if qismida will ishlatilmaydi. Beshinchi tur (mixed) va mashqlar shart gaplar sahifasida.
6. Majhul nisbat (passive)
Formula: be + V3. Zamonni be ko‘taradi, asosiy fe’l doim V3.
| Zamon | Passive shakli | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | am/is/are + V3 | Cotton is grown in Fergana. |
| Past Simple | was/were + V3 | The bridge was built in 2019. |
| Present Perfect | have/has been + V3 | The flight has been cancelled. |
| Future | will be + V3 | You will be informed by SMS. |
| Modal | can/must be + V3 | Tickets can be bought online. |
Qoida sahifasi: passive voice. Har zamonda misollar: majhul nisbat misollari.
7. Artikllar
| Artikl | Qachon | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| a | birlikdagi sanaladigan ot, birinchi marta, undosh tovush oldidan | a student, a university |
| an | xuddi shunday, unli tovush oldidan | an engineer, an hour |
| the | ikkala tomonga ma’lum yoki yagona narsa | the sun, the teacher (bizning) |
| — (artiklsiz) | umumiy ma’noda ko‘plik va sanalmaydigan ot, shahar, til, sport | I like tea. She plays tennis. |
Batafsil: a, an, the qoidalari.
8. Otlar va miqdor
| Savol | Sanaladigan (books) | Sanalmaydigan (water) |
|---|---|---|
| Ko‘p | many books | much water |
| Oz | a few books | a little water |
| Darakda | some books | some water |
| Savol va inkorda | any books | any water |
| Qancha? | How many? | How much? |
Ikkala turda ham a lot of ishlatiladi. Ko‘plik yasash: book → books, bus → buses, city → cities, istisnolar: man → men, child → children. Batafsil: sanaladigan va sanalmaydigan otlar.
9. Olmoshlar
| Ega | To‘ldiruvchi | Egalik (ot oldida) | Egalik (yolg‘iz) | O‘zlik |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | me | my | mine | myself |
| you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| he | him | his | his | himself |
| she | her | her | hers | herself |
| it | it | its | — | itself |
| we | us | our | ours | ourselves |
| they | them | their | theirs | themselves |
This is my phone = This phone is mine. Batafsil: kishilik olmoshlari.
10. Sifat va ravish
| Qoida | Misol |
|---|---|
| Qisqa sifat: -er, -est | cheap → cheaper → the cheapest |
| Uzun sifat: more, most | expensive → more expensive → the most expensive |
| Noto‘g‘ri shakllar | good → better → best; bad → worse → worst |
| Ravish: sifat + -ly | quick → quickly; good → well |
| Sifat otdan oldin | a new phone (a phone new emas) |
Batafsil: sifat darajalari.
11. Predloglar: in, on, at
| Vaqt | Joy | |
|---|---|---|
| in | oy, yil, fasl, kunning qismi: in May, in 2026, in the morning | shahar, mamlakat, xona: in Tashkent, in the kitchen |
| on | kun va sana: on Monday, on 1 October | sirt, ko‘cha: on the table, on Amir Temur Street |
| at | aniq soat: at 7:30, at night | aniq nuqta: at the bus stop, at work, at home |
Batafsil: in, on, at farqi.
12. Fe’l qoliplari va murakkab gaplar
| Mavzu | Qoida | Misol |
|---|---|---|
| Gerund | enjoy, finish, avoid + -ing | I enjoy cooking. |
| Infinitive | want, decide, hope + to V1 | I want to learn Korean. |
| Ko‘chirma gap | zamon bir pog‘ona orqaga | “I’m busy.” → He said he was busy. |
| Nisbiy gap | who (odam), which (narsa), that | The man who called is my uncle. |
| Qo‘shma gap | and, but, so, because, although | I was tired, but I finished. |
Batafsil: gerund va infinitive, reported speech, relative clauses, qo‘shma gaplar.
Jadvaldan qanday foydalanish kerak
- Chop eting yoki skrinshot qiling va bir hafta davomida uy vazifasi yoki esse yozayotganda yoningizda tursin.
- Bitta bo‘limni tanlang: xatolaringiz ko‘p chiqqan bo‘limning havolasini ochib, mashqini bajaring. Hammasini birdaniga takrorlash foydasiz.
- Jadvalni o‘zingiz qayta yozing. Bo‘sh varaqqa, qarab turmasdan, 2 va 9-jadvallarni to‘ldiring. Qayerda to‘xtab qolsangiz, o‘sha mavzuni takrorlashingiz kerak.
Qaysi xatolar qaysi bo‘limga tegishli ekanini aniqlash uchun o‘zbeklar grammatik xatolari sahifasidagi 25 ta xatoni ko‘zdan kechiring.
Mashq: xatoni toping va bo‘lim raqamini ayting
Har bir gapda bitta xato bor. Uni tuzating va yuqoridagi qaysi jadval yordam berishini yozing.
- 1. If it will rain tomorrow, we’ll stay at home.
- 2. She can speaks three languages.
- 3. How much books do you have?
- 4. My brother is engineer.
- 5. The new school built last year.
- 6. I have been in Samarkand last summer.
- 7. This bag is my.
- 8. Our lesson starts in 9 o’clock.
- 9. She is more tall than her sister.
- 10. I enjoy to read detective stories.
Javoblar
- 1. If it rains tomorrow, we’ll stay at home. — 5-jadval: if qismida will yo‘q.
- 2. She can speak three languages. — 4-jadval: modal + V1.
- 3. How many books do you have? — 8-jadval: sanaladigan ot.
- 4. My brother is an engineer. — 7-jadval: unli tovush oldida an.
- 5. The new school was built last year. — 6-jadval: be + V3.
- 6. I was in Samarkand last summer. — 2-jadval: last summer bilan Past Simple.
- 7. This bag is mine. — 9-jadval: yolg‘iz turgan egalik olmoshi.
- 8. Our lesson starts at 9 o’clock. — 11-jadval: soat bilan at.
- 9. She is taller than her sister. — 10-jadval: qisqa sifat -er.
- 10. I enjoy reading detective stories. — 12-jadval: enjoy + -ing.
Jadvaldan nutqqa: Bandi bilan bitta bo‘limni gapirib mashq qiling
Jadval qoidani eslatadi, lekin uni gapirganda ishlatish boshqa ko‘nikma. BandMate ilovasida bitta bo‘limni tanlab, Bandi bilan shu mavzuda gaplashing: masalan, 5-jadval uchun “agar grant yutsangiz nima qilasiz?”, 2-jadval uchun “o‘tgan hafta nima qildingiz va kelasi hafta nima rejangiz bor?”. Ilovadagi darslar ham shu mavzularni o‘zbekcha izoh bilan takrorlaydi. Suhbatdan keyin qaysi jadvalga qaytib qaraganingizni belgilang, keyingi safar o‘sha bo‘limdan boshlang.
BandMate’ni Google’da afzal manba qiling
